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💥Tether Papers: This is exactly who acquired 70% of all USDT ever issued💥
November 10, 2022
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If cryptocurrency was an engine, Tether (USDT) is one of its pistons.

Over the past seven years, the maverick stablecoin has evolved into a primary crutch for the ecosystem. It’s a tool for onboarding new money, managing and growing liquidity, pricing digital assets, and generally oiling crypto markets to keep them smooth.

Tether boasted a $1 billion market capitalization when Bitcoin hit $20,000 at the end of 2017. This year, it’s a $70 billion-plus powerhouse. 

Practically every crypto exchange supports USDT trade in some form. The makeup of Tether’s reserves and its inner workings are yet to be disclosed in clear detail.

Still, the question of who exactly buys Tether directly from its parent company Bitfinex has remained unanswered since its inception way back in 2014.

Earlier this year, Protos shed light on that mystery by reporting that just two companies, Alameda Research and Cumberland Global, were responsible for seeping roughly two-thirds of all Tether into the crypto ecosystem.

Today, we reveal a lot more. 

We’ve spent months cataloguing and investigating every single USDT ever sent to and from Tether, across the eight blockchains and layers on which it currently exists: Omni (Bitcoin), Liquid (Bitcoin), Ethereum, Tron, Simple Ledger Protocol (Bitcoin Cash), EOS, Solana, and Algorand.

Here’s what we found.

Birds-eye view of Tether

Protos pulled blockchain data from all disclosed Tether Treasuries and Printers across the various layers, stretching back to 2014 until October 31, 2021.

We then filtered out transactions between Printers and Treasuries, as our analysis is primarily concerned with USDT sent to and received from third parties.

After accounting for disclosed chain swaps (the process of transferring already-issued USDT between protocols), blockchain data shows Tether:

  • distributed $108.5 billion in USDT,
  • received $32.7 billion in USDT in that same period,
  • sent a staggering majority of USDT directly to market makers and liquidity providers.

It must be noted that the figures cited in this analysis won’t always map one-to-one with Tether’s circulating supply.

Remember, we’ve tracked Tether Treasuries’ outflows and inflows; those volumes will not reflect Tether’s market value exactly (implying that Tether understandably recycles some USDT sent back to its Treasuries).

To make it clear: we’ve analyzed USDT flowing out of Tether Treasuries and linked blockchain addresses to specific entities.

Some of these entities maintain crypto exchanges; the data presented here relates specifically to their operational addresses as companies and not their exchange wallets, be they hot or cold.

Market makers, for our purposes, are simply defined as entities that have received multiple individual transactions from Tether Treasuries of $100 million USDT or more.

The term “market maker” traditionally refers to entities able to profit on the spread of assets (the difference in price between buy and sell orders).

Since it’s unclear which entities in the crypto ecosystem are strictly market making and which also utilize high frequency trading, proprietary trading desks, or operate venture capital funds, this is our attempt to delineate between them (albeit with a broad definition).

Within the context of Tether, market makers eke out gains by supplying crypto exchanges like Binance, Huobi, and FTX with liquidity for their various USDT trading pairs.

  • Tether supplied categorized “market makers” with 89.2% of all USDT ($97 billion) it sent.
  • Trading funds and other miscellaneous companies received $9.2 billion (8.5%).
  • Smaller transactions deemed to have been received by “individuals” amounted to $2.35 billion (2.3%).

As Protos reported in August, market makers Alameda Research (spearheaded by crypto billionaire Sam Bankman-Fried) and Cumberland Global (a subsidiary of trading giant DRW) are still the biggest fish in Tether markets.

Together, Alameda and Cumberland received at least $60.3 billion in USDT across the time period analyzed, equal to around 55% of all outbound volume — ever.

$49.2 billion (71%) of Alameda and Cumberland’s USDT was acquired in the past year alone, equal to about 60% of all Tether issued in that time.

Market makers (Tether’s biggest customers)

Alameda Research

Alameda Research describes itself as a “multistage crypto and fintech investment firm,” and it made 29-year-old chief exec Bankman-Fried crypto’s richest billionaire (Forbes estimates his wealth at $26.5 billion).

Bankman-Fried founded Alameda Research in 2017 after leaving quant shop Jane Street. He opted to brand the fund a “research” unit to avoid banking problems as it started arbitrage Bitcoin trade in Japan.

The firm has historically been headquartered in Hong Kong, but recently announced plans to ship over to another tax haven, Nassau.

We’ve identified more than 70% of all USDT ever issued. For more information on the remaining 30%, please visit our FAQ.

Alameda Research wears multiple hats. It’s the parent company of crypto and crypto derivatives exchange FTX, but it’s also a quantitative trader, and serves as a venture capitalist across the ecosystem.

The firm has led an impressive 18 funding rounds and participated in 71 more, according to Crunchbase.

One of Alameda’s most notable moves was its participation in ‘Ethereum killer’ Solana’s $314 million token sale earlier this year, alongside Polychain Capital and CoinShares.

Alameda Research’s lead brain Bankman-Fried is one of Solana’s most vocal proponents. Solana’s native token SOL has since grown to become the fifth most-valued cryptocurrency at press time, just behind Tether.

  • Tether sent almost $36.7 billion in USDT to Alameda Research.
  • $31.7 billion (86%) was received in the past year.
  • Alameda Research accounted for 37% of all outbound volume. 

While Tether sent nearly $30.1 billion (87%) of Alameda’s USDT directly to FTX, blockchain data shows Alameda operating on a number of other crypto exchanges.

Alameda also received:

  • $2.1 billion (6%) on Binance, 
  • $1.7 billion (5%) on Huobi, 
  • $115 million (less than 1%) to OKEx. 

The rest of Alameda’s Tether ($705 million, 2%) was sent to non-exchange addresses.

Cumberland Global

Cumberland Global is the crypto-trading subsidiary of markets powerhouse DRW, founded in 1992 by chief exec Donald R. Wilson.

As we reported in August, DRW is one of finance’s top dogs, particularly in futures markets (the Financial Times previously said the unit is “an important source” of futures trading volume across the globe).

Cumberland was first launched in 2014, during DRW’s gruelling five-year battle with the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) over alleged market manipulation — which it won in 2018.

Cumberland says it onboards wealthy individuals and financial institutions to the crypto ecosystem.

One of those clients is VanEck. The US Securities and Exchange Commission visited DRW in 2019 to discuss the listing of VanEck’s SolidX Bitcoin Trust on Cboe. 

VanEck’s Trust was eventually offered to institutional investors via over-the-counter desks like the ones DRW operates.

  • Tether sent $23.7 billion in USDT to Cumberland.
  • $17.6 billion (74%) was received in the past year.
  • Cumberland received 22% of all outbound volume. 

It has long been suspected, but Protos can confirm that Cumberland is one of Binance’s primary liquidity providers and market makers, and has been on the exchange since around early 2019.

Tether issued Cumberland $18.7 billion in USDT (79%) directly to Binance, and a much smaller amount to other exchanges:

  • $131.5 million (less than 1%) on Poloniex. 
  • $9 million (less than 1%) on Bitfinex.
  • $30 million (less than 1%) on both Huobi and OKEx.

The rest of Cumberland’s Tether ($4.9 billion, 21%) was sent to non-exchange addresses.

iFinex

iFinex is the mother company to its more well-known subsidiaries Bitfinex and Tether. The group has existed in the cryptocurrency space since 2013 and has survived three different hacks, regulatory scrutiny, and extended criticism from online commentators and mainstream media.

iFinex operates as a lender, exchange, stablecoin issuer, VC fund, and trading desk. It has a parent company, the Hong Kong-registered DigFinex.

It’s difficult to determine exactly which country iFinex, Bitfinex, and Tether operates out of: there are no actual offices. Instead, the organization is a mesh of shell companies located in the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong, Switzerland, and other jurisdictions.

iFinex owners and shareholders seem to be the same individuals who launched it: chief exec JL Van der Velde and chief financial officer Giancarlo Devasini — the two-man team leading Bitfinex and Tether (both multi-billion dollar companies). 

Chief technology officer Paolo Ardoino began working for the pair in 2016. Functionally, as the creators of Tether, they work with everyone who receives USDT.

  • Tether sent at least $4.5 billion in USDT to iFinex.
  • Only $197.5 million (4%) of that was in the past year.
  • iFinex received at least 4% of all outbound volume.

As to be expected, iFinex was one of Tether’s first true “market makers.” The Hong Kong-headquartered firm issued iFinex $4.5 billion in USDT between October 2016 and the start of 2020 — equal to 96% of iFinex’s trackable receipts.

  • $4.46 billion (9.99%) was sent directly to Bitfinex.
  • $1.1 million (less than 1%) was issued to wallets unrelated to Bitfinex.
  • iFinex received at least 4% of all USDT issued across the time period analyzed.

iFinex and its subsidiaries have invested in several other ventures, including but not limited to Netki (a digital identity company) and Exordium (a video game company owned by Blockstream’s Samson Mow).

Nexo

Zug-registered Nexo is a sizable player in the DeFi ecosystem. It operates an exchange, a crypto lending service, and an over-the-counter trading desk.

Nexo’s crypto platform offers yield on a raft of cryptocurrencies, including stablecoins like Tether.

Nexo has been around since 2017, having deployed its own utility token NEXO in May 2018.

Understandably, Nexo handles large amounts of USDT to help manage its activities within the space.

  • Tether sent Nexo $2.6 billion in USDT.
  • Practically all of that was in the past year.
  • Nexo received a touch over 2% of all outbound volume. 

The group doesn’t issue directly to exchanges, instead relying on intermediary wallets to manage its USDT.

Nexo directed at least $1.7 billion USDT directly to its own platform, but similarly to Alameda Research, it is active across multiple exchanges.

As for where Nexo directs its USDT (these figures also include USDT inflows not directly from Tether Treasuries), the unit:

  • sent roughly $1.45 billion in USDT to Binance, 
  • directed $111 million in USDT to Huobi,
  • and deposited more than $57 million USDT to FTX.

Nexo also administered $39 million USDT to defunct Chinese exchange RenRenBit, and $84 million USDT to Bitfinex.

(NB: Nexo and other entities named in this research are known to handle funds on behalf of their clients. So, it could be that some of their outflowing USDT was processed for those parties.)

The firm sent roughly $35 million in USDT to addresses not linked directly to exchanges.

Last month, the New York Attorney General issued Nexo a cease and desist notice to stop it from offering services to crypto users in the state.

At the time, its chief exec Antoni Trenchev said the company had already initiated IP-based geo-blocking to keep New Yorkers out.

Heka

Heka is a market-neutral market maker operated by academics from the University of Malta and several other Maltese individuals. Specifically named in the Paradise Papers are Professor Simon Grima, Dr. Frank Dimech, as well as Joseph Xuerub and Adrian Galea.

The price per share to invest in Heka’s private fund is public and has increased by nearly 100% over three years. Minimum investment amount is $85,000. 

Recently, Heka seems to be tied to Abraxas Capital Management — a company controlled by professional portfolio manager Fabio Frontini and based in London.

  • Tether sent Heka more than $1.5 billion in USDT.
  • $1.1 billion (71%) of that was distributed in the past year.
  • Heka received about 1.5% of all Tether ever distributed.

Heka is primarily a cryptocurrency trading operation. So, naturally it requested Tether directly to the various exchanges it inhabits.

Overall, Heka utilized: 

  • at least $1.05 billion in USDT (68%) on Bitfinex, 
  • more than $144 million (9%) on Binance,
  • and $132 million (8.5%) on Huobi.

Heka also traded on the no-longer-operational RenRenBit ($90 million, 6%), as well as the popular platform Kraken, where it received $60.4 million (4%).

Just over $70 million (4.5%) in USDT was sent to non-exchange addresses under Heka’s control.

Indeed, Heka moves hundreds of millions of dollars worth of Tether and yet they have no website, no way to reach out to them, and no real internet presence whatsoever. 

The reason they’ve been flagged is their discoverability through the Paradise Papers. None of the individuals from Heka responded for comment.

Jump Crypto

Last September, Chicago-bound trading giant Jump Trading made a widely publicized crypto push by investing in decentralized exchange Serum, on Solana.

Serum and Jump had inked a deal for an undisclosed amount that would see the outfit provide the liquidity necessary to make Serum-powered platforms like Mango Markets usable.

Since then, Tether has issued Jump:

  • at least $1.1 billion in USDT on Solana this year,
  • equal to almost 99% of all USDT that exists on that blockchain.
  • Jump Crypto is considered the top liquidity provider to Mango Markets and Solana overall.

Jump “officially” spun out its Crypto subsidiary this September. 

At the time, press materials said Jump Crypto builds tooling and other software infrastructure for blockchains, as well as being an “active participant in trading and market-making activities that help make global crypto markets more efficient.”

While Jump’s crypto activities have been mostly undisclosed, reports indicate the unit has been particularly active on crypto exchanges Bitfinex and BitMEX

This makes it likely that Jump makes up a considerable amount of the unidentified Tether amounts cited in this analysis, particularly those to Bitfinex.

Funds and companies (Tether’s medium-sized customers)

Protos sorted entities into the ‘funds and companies’ bracket if they often received USDT transactions in lots between $10 million and $100 million at a time.

Many of the entities in this category are hedge funds and trading units, which generate profit by investing and trading cryptocurrencies.

Multiple entities maintain over-the-counter trading desks and other arbitrage units to exploit price differences between exchanges.

Three Arrows

Three Arrows Capital is run by popular crypto personalities Su Zhu and Kyle Davies. It has registered business addresses in both Singapore (where it maintains an office) and the British Virgin Islands.

As of 2020, the company had a large interest in the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust. The reason Three Arrows has two registered business addresses is likely due to the rule in Singapore that says it cannot control more than (S)$250 million ($183 million) in assets at any given time.

  • Tether sent Three Arrows at least $674 million in USDT.
  • At least $502 million (74%) of that was in the past year.
  • Three Arrows has received at a minimum 7.3% of all USDT in the ‘funds and companies’ bracket.

Three Arrows describes itself as a crypto hedge fund that provides “risk-adjusted returns,” and it operates similarly to Heka.

The group mostly trades and invests in cryptocurrencies for profit, as opposed to the large-scale liquidity provision exacted by the likes of Alameda and Cumberland.

It also acts as a venture capitalist on occasion. Most recently, Three Arrows backed Sam Altman’s Worldcoin, a controversial biometric data-farming gambit that pays individuals to scan their irises for a small amount of cryptocurrency. 

Unlike Heka, Three Arrows receives USDT from Tether to an intermediary address before distributing it to trading platforms like Huobi and Binance. 

Stablecoins aside, Three Arrows’ main address has mostly traded:

  • Ethereum and Ethereum-bound Bitcoin (WBTC),
  • DeFi platform Yearn Finance’s native token (YFI),
  • Exchange tokens like FTX’s FTT, Uniswap (UNI), and SushiSwap (SUSHI).

Three Arrows has also handled significant amounts of yield tokens Compound (COMP) and Aave (AAVE), as well as blockchain oracle token Chainlink (LINK).

It’s worth noting that Three Arrows — like the other entities in this analysis — has handled significantly more than $674 million USDT in its history. The figures cited above only relate to the tokens it received directly from Tether Treasuries.

Three Arrows has also sent Tether Treasuries far more USDT than the figures listed here (more on that later). 

Blockchain data also indicates that Three Arrows switched to receiving USDT directly to exchanges earlier this year — likely to Binance. 

So, some portion of the “Binance Market Maker” volumes cited earlier almost certainly belongs to Three Arrows.

Bitquery shows that Three Arrows has collectively been sent billions in USDT from exchanges Binance, Bitfinex, and FTX, funds it acquires by trading digital assets.

Delchain

Delchain is a peculiar piece of the Tether puzzle. It’s owned and operated by Tether’s primary banking partner, Deltec Bank and Trust.

Paolo Ardoino, Tether and Bitfinex’s CTO, briefly served as a director, and Janvier Chalopin, the son of the Deltec Bank and Trust’s chief exec, is a director.

Delchain, though established in 2019, has still moved a significant amount of Tether and partners with many influential cryptocurrency companies, including Bitfinex, Kraken, and Tether itself.

  • Tether sent Delchain at least $908 million in USDT.
  • USDT was distributed steadily over time — 63% of it in the past year.
  • Delchain received about 10% of all USDT from the ‘funds and companies’ bracket.

Overall, Delchain directed: 

  • About $694 million (76%) of its USDT to Bitfinex,
  • $211 million (23%) to Kraken,
  • and $3.2 million (less than 1%) to Binance.

Blockchain Access and RenRenBit

UK-based market maker Blockchain Access is another notable entity to have received large amounts of USDT directly from Tether.

Blockchain Access manages crypto exchange Blockchain.com — headquartered in Luxembourg. It received more than $881 million in USDT, with $679 million (77%) issued in the past year.

We tracked Blockchain Access’ USDT to crypto exchanges including Binance, FTX, Bitfinex, and Nexo. It has also handled significant amounts of Basic Attention Token (BAT), DeFi token Aave, as well as Chainlink, OMG Network, and Origin Network.

Lastly, RenRenBit. The Singapore-headquartered company that serviced the China-based exchange of the same name was issued over $200 million in USDT.

(NB: Bitfinex’s AML agent was once a Hong Kong firm “Renrenbee Ltd,” highlighting how close RenRenBit’s relationship was with Bitfinex).

Individual traders (Tether’s smallest customers)

For our ‘individuals’ bracket, we considered entities to be individual traders if Tether issued them USDT valued under $10 million at a time.

This is obviously not perfect, however considering the volumes linked to aforementioned funds, companies, and market makers, this proves an effective method of separating crypto trading enterprises from individual crypto traders.

The first character on our list is tied to multiple companies, but according to information gathered by Protos, they also were issued Tether under their personal name.

Shilong’s Web, Tether’s most curious customer

Shilong Wang is a curiosity, to say the least. They appear, on the surface, to handle USDT for a raft of trading firms, including little-known managers Paretone Capital, Aoide Capital, Max Victory Wealth Management, and ZB Trade — registered to tax havens around the world.

Paretone and Aoide curiously share a physical address in San Jose, California at Hanhai Park. Their co-founder and chief exec is listed as a “Keke Wang” on Aoide’s website, who is noticeably absent from any corporate filings.

Protos visited Paretone and Aoide’s purported offices but found no mention of either firm on the building’s office guide.

We refers to Shilong-connected entities as “Shilong’s Web.”

  • Tether issued Shilong’s Web $595 million in USDT.
  • Roughly 1% of it was received in the past year.
  • Shilong’s Web is responsible for 6.5% of the ‘funds and companies’ bracket.

It should be highlighted just how important a customer Shilong was to Tether. In the second half of 2019, Shilong’s Web represented over 5% of all USDT ever issued — just before the likes of Alameda and Cumberland took such a keen interest.

Shilong’s Web unexpectedly transacted semi-frequently with Cumberland Global:

  • Shilong’s Web sent Cumberland $20.4 million in USDT between April and August 2019.
  • Cumberland directed $1.14 million in USDT back to Shilong’s Web in April 2019.
  • It’s likely Cumberland operates over-the-counter services for trading entities like Shilong’s.

Shilong’s Web deposited its USDT to exchanges like Huobi and Binance, but it was also responsible for sending over $108 million in USDT to long-serving Japanese exchange Bitbank.

Christopher Harborne (the Brexit Bankroller)

As we reported in April, Christopher Harborne made international headlines as Brexit’s bankroller. 

He personally donated in total $19 million to political party Reform UK — the lead lobbying group behind the UK’s successful bid to leave the European Union.

Harborne’s web of shell companies were made public in the Panama Papers. 

Harborne first appeared as a DigFinex shareholder (iFinex, Bitfinex, and Tether’s parent company) under his alternative Thai identity Chakrit Sakunkrit between 2017 and 2018.

This means Harborne was a DigFinex shareholder at the time of his donations to Reform UK. It’s common for individuals who do continued business in Thailand to adopt a local moniker.

He’s also the father of Will Harborne, chief exec of decentralized exchange DiversiFi, which started out Ethfinex, a sister company to Bitfinex. DiversiFi spun out from Bitfinex in 2019.

Protos can now reveal that Tether issued Harborne more than $70 million in USDT under his Thai name in early 2019.

TRON’s Justin Sun

Notorious marketeer and TRON founder Justin Sun has received more Tether than any other individual. 

We first made Sun’s prolific Tether buying public in August. In total, he’s acquired at least $200 million in USDT. Most of the funds we’ve linked to Sun were sent throughout 2019 and 2020.

Sun received nearly $50 million in USDT directly on Binance. It’s likely he’s received a lot more to both unidentified wallets and various exchanges.

Sun was notably the first ever recipient of Tether on the TRON blockchain in April 2019. He’s evolved to become a prolific investor in NFTs and his exploits across the DeFi ecosystem have made him a popular crypto figure.

Blockchain data also shows he sent $120 million back to Tether Treasuries.

Tether returned to Treasuries (inflows)

Tether inflows — funds sent back to Tether Treasuries — are comparatively more difficult to track than outflows.

While Protos has identified more than 70% worth of USDT ever issued, more than 80% of USDT ever returned to Treasuries came from cryptocurrency exchanges. 

This makes the sender of those transactions practically impossible to identify.

  • $23 billion in USDT (62%) was returned in lots over $100 million (market makers). 
  • $12.7 billion (34%) was sent in batches between $10 million and $100 million (funds and companies).
  • $1.5 billion (4%) flowed into Treasuries in sums under $10 million (individual traders).

We did manage to track USDT inflows for two prominent entities: Three Arrows and Nexo.

While Three Arrows did switch from having USDT issued to third party wallets to exchanges like Binance instead, it kept retrieving funds from various exchanges to its main wallet before returning to Tether.

  • Three Arrows sent back nearly $1.96 billion in USDT in the time period analyzed.
  • More than $1.1 billion (58%) was returned as crypto markets peaked between late April and May this year.
  • Three Arrows is responsible for 5.2% of all USDT ever sent back to Treasuries.

As for Nexo, it followed similar patterns as Three Arrows — pulling funds back from the various exchanges on which it operates before returning USDT to Treasuries.

  • Nexo sent $1.74 billion in USDT back to Tether Treasuries.
  • Nearly $1.75 billion (94%) was returned between the second half of May and late July, 2021 (as markets bottomed out).
  • Nexo was behind 4.7% of all USDT sent back to Tether Treasuries.

What the Tether Papers mean

It must be stressed that Protos is not explicitly alleging any wrongdoing on behalf of any of the entities detailed in this investigation.

But importantly, crypto traders on most exchanges should understand the sheer size of who they could be trading against. 

The exact size of market makers like Cumberland and Alameda — as well as funds like Heka, Three Arrows, and Delchain — are previously unreported

These entities are undoubtedly dominant forces across multiple platforms, with the ability to easily out-trade smaller crypto investors.

Numerous other large and unnamed trading funds have acquired hundreds of millions of dollars in USDT. These companies are mostly registered to tax havens like the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong, and the Seychelles.

Some, similarly to Shilong’s Web, have sent and received USDT from major players like Cumberland Global, while others assisted prominent projects such as Decentraland to manage Ether raised throughout their ICOs. 

The total value of the Tether in the ‘other funds and companies’ bracket exceeded $7 billion. Protos will reveal information about these companies in future investigations.

Still, we emphasize that Tether has indisputably embedded itself within the crypto ecosystem, and for better or worse, serves a purpose within it.

So, it stands to reason that any firm or individual who operates within the crypto space is likely to interact with USDT at some point.

It’s worth highlighting that funds like Three Arrows effectively make use of the Tether they receive, as proven by inflow patterns.

Three Arrows was able to acquire USDT in the leadup to a giant crypto bull run, and then return those funds as the market was cooling off. 

This shows that USDT can be utilized for profit — as it should. It is the leading stablecoin, and allowing traders a neutral zone to trade in and out of their crypto positions is its entire business model.

💥But the exact workings of Tether are unclear. Quite literally, nobody knows precisely how Tether operates — or which companies’ commercial paper make up an overwhelming majority of its assets backing USDT.💥

💥We understand that Tether lends out its USDT in overcollateralized loans, likely for Bitcoin and Ether, but Tether has never formally disclosed how those operations work.💥

💥In fact, Tether has gone out of its way to obfuscate the services it provides to the crypto industry.💥

Discounts for large issuances are rumored. In our research, we are yet to find any confirmation of any discounts for USDT purchases.

But what is proven is that Bankman-Fried’s Alameda Research and Cumberland Global are two prolific Tether buyers that trust USDT is valued correctly.

Together, they’ve acquired at least $60 billion worth of USDT in the past two years. They inject liquidity into the ecosystem’s leading exchanges based on their trust in Tether, which in turn provides markets with the confidence that 1 USDT is equal to $1.

💥Whether that’s true all the time — unfortunately nobody knows for sure.💥

Regardless, Cumberland and Alameda, and to a lesser extent units like Jump Crypto, believe every USDT is always “fully backed by Tether’s reserves,” and that Tether has enough cash on hand to service dollar redemptions.

In the time between the end of Protos’ data analysis (October 31 until today), Tether has printed more than $4 billion worth of its stablecoin, bringing the total USDT in circulation to nearly $75 billion.

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🔹 The platform says it has processed nearly 38 trillion tokens since launch across 53 deployed applications and more than 700,000 registered users.

🔹 The team reportedly cut unprofitable usage programs, reduced total token volume, and still improved revenue efficiency, with revenue per GPU rising sharply after removing subsidized traffic.

🔹 Chutes is using post-quantum cryptography, trusted execution environments, and Nvidia confidential ...

🚨 Chutes is being framed as a Hyperliquid-style breakout for decentralized AI inference, with live revenue, verified GPU infrastructure, and a direct challenge to centralized cloud AI 🚨
🚨 JPMorgan’s criticism of the CLARITY Act is fueling a fresh power struggle over who gets to write America’s crypto rules 🚨

A new clash is emerging between legacy finance and crypto legislation after JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon reportedly warned that the CLARITY Act could let crypto firms offer bank-like products without bank-level oversight. The dispute is quickly turning into a larger fight over regulation, competitiveness, and who controls the future architecture of digital finance in the United States.

🔑 Key points

🔹 Jamie Dimon reportedly called the CLARITY Act a threat to the financial system, arguing it could allow crypto firms to offer yield-like products while avoiding the capital, reserve, and oversight burdens traditional banks face.

🔹 Senator Cynthia Lummis pushed back publicly, framing the issue as a global strategic race and warning that if the U.S. does not set digital asset standards, other powers will.

🔹 The core tension is whether the bill creates legitimate regulatory clarity or simply opens the door to regulatory arbitrage for crypto platforms operating outside the traditional banking...

🚨 JPMorgan’s criticism of the CLARITY Act is fueling a fresh power struggle over who gets to write America’s crypto rules 🚨
👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading

Custom AI assistants that print money in your sleep? 🔜

The future of Crypto x AI is about to go crazy.

👉 Here’s what you need to know:

💠 'Based Agent' enables creation of custom AI agents
💠 Users set up personalized agents in < 3 minutes
💠 Equipped w/ crypto wallet and on-chain functions
💠 Capable of completing trades, swaps, and staking
💠 Integrates with Coinbase’s SDK, OpenAI, & Replit

👉 What this means for the future of Crypto:

1. Open Access: Democratized access to advanced trading
2. Automated Txns: Complex trades + streamlined on-chain activity
3. AI Dominance: Est ~80% of crypto 👉txns done by AI agents by 2025

🚨 I personally wouldn't bet against Brian Armstrong and Jesse Pollak.

👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading
🌎Schumann Resonance Today 6/19🌏

The Earth is breathing deeply right now.

Intensity reading of 40.3 on the SR1 baseline indicates a strong coherent cavity state — global consciousness is amplifying. Many meditators report vivid inner visions during these windows.

Sit, breathe, allow. Solar wind is LOW and Kp at 1.0 — geomagnetic calm supports deep theta entrainment.

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🚨 Strategy risks selling $4 billion in Bitcoin or MSTR stock to get STRC back to par 🚨

Strategy may be forced to sell billions of dollars of Bitcoin or common stock to stabilize its STRC preferred shares, according to Arca CIO Jeff Dorman. With STRC trading well below its $100 par value, the company is facing mounting pressure across its capital structure.

🔑 Key highlights:

🔹️ Jeff Dorman said Strategy may need to sell around $3 billion to $4 billion in Bitcoin, or possibly MSTR stock, to get STRC back near par.

🔹️ He described the situation as a growing capital-structure problem for Strategy.

🔹️ Dorman said one likely path is continued small MSTR sales each month, though he warned that would hurt MSTR’s stock price.

🔹️ STRC recently traded as low as $82.53 before closing at $88.59, far below its $100 par value.

🔹️ Peter Schiff has also warned that STRC’s decline could eventually lead to legal trouble for Strategy.

🎯 Bottom Line: Strategy is under ...

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🚨 Clearview AI contract links Army special forces to a wider intelligence ecosystem 🚨

A small Army special forces purchase of Clearview AI facial recognition licenses has opened a window into a broader defense intelligence pipeline. The procurement trail points to commercial facial recognition, entity resolution, and AI analytics converging inside a growing military data-fusion ecosystem.

🔑 Key highlights:

🔹️ The Army’s 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) renewed a Clearview AI license purchase through Octaris Technologies.

🔹️ The award summary shows a base-year obligation of $78,750, with a total potential contract value of $339,415.

🔹️ The Army memo says Clearview is needed because it can rapidly analyze large volumes of facial data to help identify high-value targets.

🔹️ The procurement documents cite 50 billion images as the scope of collection, while Clearview publicly claims its database now exceeds 70 billion images.

🔹️ Clearview was selected over other ...

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How USDC Wins the Hyperliquid Deal🤔
 
USDC "wins" the Hyperliquid deal by securing dominant distribution and deeper integration into one of crypto's fastest-growing on-chain perpetuals platforms, in exchange for sharing most of the USDC reserve yield (up to ~90%) back with Hyperliquid.
 
Background on the Deal: Hyperliquid had ~$5–6B in USDC deposits (a huge chunk of total USDC supply, often cited around 7–8%). Previously, the interest/yield on those reserves (~$180–250M annually at prevailing rates) mostly flowed to Circle (issuer) and Coinbase (key partner/treasury handler), with little returning to Hyperliquid.
 
In late 2025, Hyperliquid ran an RFP for a native stablecoin (USDH) to capture that revenue. Native Markets won the community vote, and USDH launched as an "Aligned Quote Asset" (AQA).
 

In May 2026, Native Markets sold USDH brand assets to Coinbase. USDH is being sunsetted over time (with feeless conversions/redemptions to USDC/fiat), and USDC becomes the primary/official Aligned Quote Asset on Hyperliquid. Coinbase acts as the main treasury deployer; Circle handles minting, redemptions, and cross-chain (e.g., CCTP).

 

How USDC Wins: 🔑 Key Advantages

Massive, sticky distribution in a high-growth venue: Hyperliquid is a leading on-chain perp DEX. USDC gains preferred status as the quote asset for most trading pairs, reducing friction vs. bridging/swapping other stables. This concentrates liquidity, improves efficiency, and funnels more capital flows through USDC.

  • Deep on-chain integration: Builds on prior Native USDC + CCTP launches. Coinbase's involvement adds fiat on/off-ramps and institutional trust. USDC was already dominant (~95% of stables on the platform); this formalizes and expands it.
  • Regulatory and brand alignment: Ties USDC to a high-profile, high-volume platform at a time when USDC has gained transaction volume momentum (surpassing USDT in some months post-regulatory clarity like GENIUS). It strengthens USDC's positioning vs. USDT (which dominates on centralized venues like Binance).
  • Longer-term consolidation play: Analysts see this as part of stablecoin market consolidation around established players with liquidity and infrastructure. Fewer conversion layers = better efficiency for USDC.
     

The Trade-Off (and Hyperliquid's Win)Hyperliquid gets ~90% of the reserve yield (estimates: $135–160M+ annually at current balances, potentially scaling to $300–500M with growth), funneled into protocol revenue/HYPE buybacks. This is roughly double what they got from USDH and turns stablecoin balances into a resilient revenue stream (less volatile than trading fees).

For Circle/Coinbase, they give up a big share of yield (analysts estimate $60–80M hit to combined EBITDA) but retain/expand USDC's role as the backbone stable on a major platform. It's a strategic distribution win over building or competing with a new native coin.

 
🎯Bottom Line: USDC trades some margin for premier, high-volume real estate in perpetuals/DeFi trading—the exact use case driving massive on-chain dollar demand. This cements its lead in the evolving stablecoin wars, especially as platforms demand better economics. The deal highlights shifting power dynamics: big platforms now negotiate hard for yield share.

 

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Handshake Wants to Be the Front Door to Bittensor’s Agent Economy

In this Beanstock interview, Harry Jackson of Subnet 58 (Handshake) lays out a thesis that’s worth understanding even if you never buy a single SN58 alpha token. He also explained where Bittensor’s agentic layer is heading.

We wrote the high-value distillation:

The one-line thesis

Handshake wants to be the front door to the agent economy on Bittensor. The Amazon-like gateway where AI agents discover, pay for, and stack together skills from across all 128 subnets.

Why this matters now
  • There’s a critical distinction Harry emphasized: AI is intelligence, but agents need tooling. An LLM without payment rails, plugins, and workflow infrastructure is “a young person trying to cut a tree down with a pen knife.”
  • Agent-to-agent commerce is on the edge of going viral. Harry’s prediction for the tipping point: a woman in her 40s lets her agent do her shopping end-to-end (research, stock check, autonomous payment), posts it to social media, and it becomes the “four-minute mile” moment everyone copies.
  • Bittensor is uniquely positioned because agents don’t care about marketing or pretty UIs. They only care about best-in-class products and services. That’s exactly what Bittensor’s 128 subnets produce.

The product reality (what’s currently shipping)

  • Handshake is live with paying users generating a few thousand USD in revenue as of today. The business model: 2% of every transaction on the platform.
  • The flywheel is Amazon-like: better skills → more agents arrive → providers get distribution → more skills get added → cycle repeats.
  • The headline product on the way is Axiom. This is an agent that trades subnets while you sleep. Built around the realization that what the Bittensor community wants from agents isn’t generic skills; it’s more TAO. Each “hole” they find in the agent becomes a new tradeable skill on the marketplace.

The investment angles (read these carefully)

  • The moat is data, not distribution. Every workflow run by an agent generates failure data, success data, payment data. No outside competitor can replicate that without running the marketplace itself.
  • The metric Harry tells you to judge them on is revenue. Not agent count. Not user count. Revenue, which is publicly visible on-chain via the front page of their site. He’s basically inviting investors to hold him to it.

  • The pitch for emissions: the biggest TAM in Bittensor is the agent market, and Handshake is the most integrated subnet, meaning if Handshake wins, the subnets it routes to all win too. Bullish on agents + bullish on Bittensor = bullish on Handshake by transitive logic.

Where Harry stands on the Conviction

  • On the conviction upgrade and locked alpha: he’s fine with it. Handshake is a revenue-focused company, so locked alpha isn’t a survival issue. He acknowledges it’ll be harder on research-stage subnets that need to raise external capital, but argues most subnet founders are thinking long-term, not short-term extraction.
  • On the broader vibe: he just got back from Bittensor events in Spain and San Francisco. He observed that the overwhelming reality of the ecosystem is people working hard to build the best products. “It’d be a lot easier in some ways to build a company outside of Bittensor.” The only reason to do it on Bittensor is if you actually want the moonshot.

Full interview below:

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🚨The State Of Bittensor (TAO)🚨
Greg Schvey | COO at Yuma Group

Last week at the @YumaGroup Summit I had the opportunity to present on The State of Bittensor. That presentation is in the thread below. If you choose to read it, I'd ask that you keep the following three things in mind:

  1. This is just one guy's view of what was the most relevant for a 25-minute talk; a difficult filter for such a dynamic industry.
  2. The slides were designed to supplement a talk; I've done my best to replicate what I recall of the talk in the accompanying X posts.
  3. The topic of the Summit was "The Tipping Point" - a candid assessment of what could lead to Bittensor's breakout success and what evidence we see of that today - which also thematically anchored this presentation.

Let's dive in:

We are in the most important race in human history – the race for intelligence itself. AI has advanced beyond the point of no return. As an example of what I mean: Ramp is a widely used financial services platform for companies. They looked at spending and revenue across their clients since the launch of ChatGPT: Companies who did not spend on AI have had flat revenue for the last three years. The top quartile of AI spenders have grown revenue by more than 100%.

We are already at the point where investing in AI is a matter of survival. But what exactly are we getting for the hundreds of billions being spent? Right now, its overwhelmingly going to corporations who have repeatedly shown they don’t have our best interest in mind.

 

 

Claude Opus 4.6 – the leading deep thinking model, had a measured hallucination rate of 16% in February. Then, without telling anyone, Anthropic throttled its reasoning – presumably to reduce GPU utilization – and didn’t tell anyone. Hallucinations climbed to 33% - a 98% increase.

They only admitted it after third party benchmarking proved it. And they were still charging everyone at the same price the whole time. Even since my talk last week, they've supposedly been found to be throttling people simply because HERMES.md was in their commits. You may say, "well there are solid open source options..."

 

 

Yes, open source models have gotten very good, but they’re not immune to capture either. Try asking DeepSeek what happened in Tiananmen Square and then let me know if that’s the intelligence you want to trust.

 

 

This needs to be addressed right now or it will be too late. To give you a sense of what I mean, this is a chart of the total annual commits on GitHub. That’s 500% growth since the launch of ChatGPT in 2022. From 200M per year to a one billion in 2025. 2026 is on track for **14 billion** The genie is out of the bottle – there is no going back; we are already at the exponential inflection point.

This reminds me of many years ago: Bitcoin shined a light on how much our rights were impacted when we became dependent on private companies to run our day-to-day lives.

Your right to privacy? That doesn’t extend to your bank account. Your "money" is just a ledger at a private company, available for interrogation and suspension at any time. Bitcoin gave us back the sovereignty of our wealth.

Similarly, we’ve depended on things like privacy of our medical records and attorney client privilege for our entire lives. What do you think is going to happen when a private company’s servers are giving you legal and medical advice? Who are you going to trust for that intelligence? The company that lobotomized its top model? The model constrained by the foreign governments? As I said at the beginning, we’re in the most important race in human history and Bittensor well may be our best shot at winning.

 

 

One of the things about having a different model to produce intelligence is it requires an economic system suited to it. Subnets are the intelligence and economic engines that drive Bittensor’s value. That’s why the Summit was themed around The Tipping Point: understanding how subnets can reach breakout success and what we can do to help.

To summarize Bittensor's intelligence economics: miners create intelligence for which they earn subnet tokens. In many cases they sell those tokens to fund operations, putting downward pressure on token prices and decreasing the incentive to mine (similar to bitcoin). In parallel, if that intelligence is being used to generate real world value, one of the parties who benefits from that value (e.g. the Operator monetizing it, institutions using intelligence commodities to advance their research, etc.) can buy the subnet tokens to keep token prices elevated and sustain the miner incentive.

Investors get to participate in this process, often supporting token prices before the commercial value of intelligence is realized, and/or subsequently holding an asset that parties gaining fundamental value from the intelligence (eg Operator or others) will need to purchase at some point in the future if they want to maintain sufficient incentives for the intelligence machine to continue running.

For Bittensor to succeed, this value loop has to work. So, to understand the State of Bittensor, we have to take a look at how that’s going today and what that means for the network overall.

 

 

One of the many unique features of Bittensor is that subnets are native to the protocol. That is not the case on most crypto networks where the true utility lives in smart contracts with no direct tie to network value.

As an example, Polymarket has seen 800% growth in volume this year. Users can bet any arbitrarily large amount of value on Polymarket for a few cents of network fees. There is nothing tying that to value of the network’s native token, which is down 80% over the same period as Polymarket’s amazing success.

 

 

Conversely, Bittensor subnets are intrinsically linked to $TAO. If you want $1,000 worth of subnet exposure, you first need $1,000 of TAO. We analyzed subnet pool data surrounding the announcement of @tplr_ai's recent training run and normalized across them by indexing them to a starting level of 100.

As shown by the orange line, there was no material change in pool size for non-Templar subnets over the observation period. There was however, major inflow into Templar’s pool. Given Bittensor’s unique network model, we saw a direct correlation to the change in TAO price over the same period. As value flows into subnets, the whole network benefits. A rising boat lifts the tide, so to speak.

 

 

That can go both ways. When Sam left, we saw something similar in reverse; as value was exfiltrated from the network, it started in Covenant subnets and dragged TAO down with it. You know what else we saw in the data though? For all of the noise about concerns of Bittensor’s future, the other subnet pools were mostly unchanged.

The event was interesting because it reminded me of the early days of bitcoin: people would say Bitcoin was only used by drug dealers on the internet. I'd stare at them aghast because in the same breath they told me that an open, permissionless network was used to reliably move money anywhere in the world in minutes by the most untrustworthy people on the planet and yet they didn't understand how the technical feat required to achieve that would create tremendous value.

The Covenant situation is similar: people were concerned about the operator's exit, rather than realizing the only reason we care is because a ground-breaking technical innovation was achieved. But even bigger than that: Bittensor has 128 subnets currently, each striving to generate value for themselves and, transitively, the network as well.

 

 

And we’re seeing that occur – Templar was not unique in that regard. The same pattern emerged around the Intel publication on @TargonCompute. The non-Targon pools remained largely unchanged. Targon saw heavy inflows. TAO price climbed with it.

Again: rising boats lift the tide. And there are many boats in Bittensor right now.

 

 

We’re seeing major technical innovations at an increasing rate.

Just a few examples from the last couple weeks:

@QuasarModels just announced a custom attention architecture targeting 5M token context windows.
 
@IOTA_SN9 developed a technique that compresses data flowing between distributed GPUs by 128x with little to no loss in training quality, increasing viability of training large AI models across internet-connected machines worldwide.
 
We're seeing the building blocks start to form whereby competitive large generalized models can eventually be built. In the meantime, we're also witnessing more targeted, niche players start to pull ahead in their respective fields.
 
During the presentation, I gave the example of @resilabsai achieving 90% accuracy on their home valuation model, making it the most performant open source model and quickly approaching state of the art. Quite literally as I was explaining this during the talk, @markjeffrey pointed out they had just achieved 98% accuracy.
 
In the time between when I prepared the presentation and actually presented, they went from best open source to at or near state of the art - only further highlighting the unique value of Bittensor's open, competitive intelligence creation cycle.
 
 
And the tech that’s being built on Bittensor is getting real attention from serious players. Again, just a few examples of many: Harvard partnered with @Chutes on research about AI inference efficiency. Valeo – an auto company with $20B in annual revenue – is working with @natix on an AI model for self-driving cars. @zeussubnet- the weather forecasting subnet, is the only party in the world allowed to use data WeatherXM’s network of global weather sensors for commercial purposes. And there are in fact many subnets already commercializing their intelligence.
 
 
 
Most of us are already aware of Chutes seven-figure ARR, but a few other examples:
 
@LeadpoetAI– which uses their Bittensor subnet to source sales leads, announced earlier this year that they crossed $1M ARR
 
@Bitcast_network– the content creation platform built on their subnet competition – is already operating profitably
 
@lium_io– a hardware subnet – has bought more than 4,000 TAO worth of their token
 
Remember the economic model I outlined earlier; we’re seeing real evidence that it’s starting to work across many subnets. Intelligence built on Bittensor, capturing value in the real economy, and bringing it back into the network.
 
Action shot of this slide courtesy of @Tom_dot_b
 
 
That’s why when we look at Bittensor we like to look at Total Network Value (TNV);
$TAO market cap is only part of the story in Bittensor. TNV = market cap of TAO + market cap of subnets – tao in the pools [as not to double count] The actual value of this network is already higher than most people realize. And notably, subnets make up an increasing proportion of TNV – recently crossing 35% - as value continues to flow into the pools.
 
 
 
Interestingly, we recently noticed a change in TNV: In particular, despite all the volatility in TAO, the dramatic subnet issuance curves, etc. - the combined subnet market cap had been remarkably consistent around $750 million for most of the last year, until recently.
 
It’s nearly doubled over the last few months – a clear breakout in the trend. If you were looking for Tipping Point, it might look something like this...
 
 
 
I hear a lot that that value is relatively concentrated in the largest subnets. And the market cap distribution does indeed reflect that, but that’s not necessarily a bad thing.
 
 
 
This is the market cap distribution of the S&P 500. Many healthy economic systems tend towards Pareto distributions. And so what if some subnets are worth more? As we showed earlier, this is an ecosystem that will win or lose *together* And we’re seeing that play out every day.
 
 
 
We track announcements of subnets utilizing each others infrastructure and intelligence. Just as an example, we identified at least eight subnets who announced that they use Chutes for inference. But we have dozens of similar examples of cross-subnet collaboration across many subnets like
 
What’s notable about this:
 
1. Collaboration seems to be happening at an increasing pace as subnets continue to mature and build out contiguous pipelines of AI infrastructure
 
2. Keeping money circulating within an economy creates a money multiplier. Capital circulating within a single economy without leaving creates economic value for each party it passes through, without having to bring in new capital. That’s uniquely possible here because of the diversity of infrastructure built on Bittensor.
 
This network is not 128 discrete growth drivers; it’s increasingly functioning as an interconnected graph, which has substantially more stickiness and value And the pace is about to increase dramatically:
 
 
 
We’re starting to see increasing agents operating on Bittensor: subnets mined by agents, subnets operated by agents...
 
Consider the Bittensor value flywheel:
 
-An intelligence goal is established
-Miners compete to achieve the goal
-That produces intelligence
-Intelligence generates value
 
That’s happening today, as we’ve seen earlier in this discussion.
 
As agents get more capable, that flywheel spins faster and faster. Permissionless entry means any agent can compete. Protocol-native economic incentives mean good work gets rewarded. Bittensor is uniquely advantaged for agentic speed over guarded, centralized alternatives with corporate procurement cycles.
 
That also means exploits will be found faster. But, it also means solutions that harden the network against them will be found faster as well.
 
Accordingly the impact of the network primitives – incentives, accessibility, governance, security, reliability, and all the infrastructure we’re building around the network - have an exponentially larger impact. It is critical that we get these right. The time to nail this, is right now. If we don’t someone else will.
 
 
 
The good news is, for now, Bittensor seems to be in the lead The 30-day moving average of Daily active wallets just crossed a record, approaching 10,000 Up 100% just in the last year.
 
 
 
We’re also seeing subnet ownership increasingly diversify and distribute. The median number of holders of subnet tokens at 2,000 is a 10x increase since the dtao launch a year ago. And at Yuma, we spend a lot of effort and resources to help broaden that access.
 
 
 
Yuma currently partners with 16 custodian and wallet providers to bring Bittensor access to the masses As an institutional-grade validator, the relationships and service we offer give them the confidence to make TAO staking available to millions of end users.
 
During the Summit, we announced that BitGo’s clients will now have access to subnet token staking through our partnership, making subnet investing available to customers of one of the world’s largest custodians.
 
 
 
We also help people gain access to subnets via investment vehicles. The Yuma Composite Fund gives investors access to a market-cap weighted portfolio of subnets through traditional investment structures. The Yuma Large Cap Fund gives investors concentrated exposure to Bittensor's largest subnets.
 
Our institutional asset management team handles everything from initial subnet token purchases, to portfolio rebalancing, custody, and reporting. The appeal for institutions is obvious, but even for the Bittensor native, it’s an amazingly simple way to get access to a broadly diversified portfolio, rebalanced regularly.
 
Between the breakout performance of subnets, the attractive staking rewards, and benefits of diversification, the Yuma funds have outperformed TAO materially year to date [as of when the presentation was created] Nearly 3x outperformance relative to TAO.
 
 
 
And last but definitely not least, our subnet accelerator has helped a wide range of companies access Bittensor. We help them acquire subnet slots, design incentives, provide marketing assistance, review pitch decks, make introductions to other investors, etc. At Yuma we deeply believe in the power of subnets and have helped many of the network's leading intelligence providers start and succeed.
 
 
 
Disclaimer: For informational purposes only.  Nothing herein should be construed as financial, investment, legal, or tax advice.  This material does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or tokens.  Investing in digital assets involves significant risk, including the potential loss of principal.  Subnet tokens do not represent equity or ownership interests in any entity.  Performance comparisons and index references are illustrative only and not indicative of future results.  Charts and indices are based on methodologies and assumptions that may change and may not reflect actual market conditions or liquidity.
 

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