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Decoding Polygon zkEVM: A Comprehensive Exploration
February 24, 2023
February 24, 2023
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Summary:

  • Polygon will be launching its zkEVM Mainnet Beta on March 27th, 2023.
  • A zk-Rollup is a layer 2 construction on top of Ethereum that solves its scalability problem through mass transfer processing rolled into a single transaction.
  • Developers can copy-pasta their code onto Polygon’s zkEVM.
  • Secure scalability, cheaper transaction costs, faster finality and capital efficiency.
  • zkEVM uses Proof-of-Efficiency, not Proof-of-Stake
  • The MATIC staking balance has grown 36.6% YoY, staking wallets are up ~ 420% YoY.
  • How to connect to the Polygon zkEVM

What is happening?

Polygon will be launching its zkEVM Mainnet Beta on March 27th, 2023. This is a significant milestone in the roadmap to scale Ethereum and unlock the full potential of Web3, paving the way for mass adoption.

Why is this significant?

If you’ve ever used Ethereum Mainnet during periods of heavy network activity, you’re probably familiar with the not-so-smooth (and sometimes costly) experience it can provide for everyday users. Fortunately, Layer 2 networks like Polygon have emerged with solutions to help mitigate some of these issues. Among the most promising scaling solutions are ‘Zero-Knowledge Rollups’ (zk-Rollups). These offer a viable path to scale Ethereum in a cost-effective and efficient manner. 

A zk-Rollup is a layer 2 construction on top of Ethereum that solves its scalability through mass transfer processing rolled into a single transaction. The technology is used to present and publicly record the validity and correctness of the rolled transfers processed on the Ethereum blockchain. Storing only the proof and compressed data of a batch of transfers results in a significant increase in the network’s efficiency and throughput.

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Now that may seem like a mouthful, but all you need to know is that ZK proofs reduce transaction costs and massively increase throughput, all while inheriting near proximal security to Ethereum’s L1. Sounds great doesn’t it, let’s dive into the details!

What are the main features of the Polygon zkEVM?

Polygon zkEVM is a Layer Two (L2) scaling solution for Ethereum that leverages the scaling power of zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs while maintaining Ethereum-compatibility. Developers and users can use the same code, tooling, apps, etc that they use on Ethereum, but with much higher throughput and lower fees. Enabling them to copy and post their code, and enjoy the benefits of ZK technology. We can describe the core features of the upgrade as follows:

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What are the benefits of Polygon zkEVM?

True EVM-equivalence allows scaling Ethereum without relying on half-measures. To scale Ethereum effectively, it is necessary to preserve the existing Ethereum ecosystem, including its code, tooling, and infrastructure. This approach ensures that everything functions properly, which is precisely what Polygon zkEVM aims to achieve. In addition, much-anticipated transaction cost reductions are included in the upgrade:

  • Cost for generating a proof for a large batch of transactions down to about $0.06
  • Less than $0.001 for a simple transfer

The Polygon foundation has highlighted  four key benefits of the upgrade for Ethereum ecosystem developers and users:

Secure scalability

zk-Rollups offer stronger security assurances when compared to alternative scaling solutions, as they employ validity proofs to verify the accuracy of off-chain computations. This approach enables smart contract transactions on Layer 2 to be verified on L1 (Ethereum) without the need for nodes to re-execute operations, resulting in significant time and resource savings. As a result, Ethereum’s processing speed can be significantly increased without compromising security.

Cheaper costs

zk-Rollups can afford to post minimal data to Ethereum because validity proofs already guarantee the trustworthiness of state transitions.

Faster finality and capital efficiency

The zkEVM typically confirms transactions immediately after they are posted to Ethereum. Since each transaction batch comes with a verifiable proof of validity, state updates can be rapidly applied to the main Ethereum chain.

Network effects

The primary rationale for developing EVM-compatible zkVMs is to capitalize on the network effects of Ethereum. As the largest smart contract platform in the world, Ethereum has a vast ecosystem that offers significant value to both developers and projects.

Polygon zkEVM uses Proof-of-Efficiency, not Proof-of-Stake

David Schwartz and Jordi Baylina from Polygon Hermez (Scaling Solution) outlined a new consensus model to overcome unique challenges that Layer 2 PoS protocols face. 

Maintaining network service levels requires the efficient production of zk validity proofs. However, proofs are highly computationally intensive for the prover, which means that not every validator can be tasked with the computation. Randomly assigning the responsibility of producing a batch (L2 block) to a validator does not ensure optimal performance, which creates decentralization issues, as only pre-determined validators can be chosen.

Proof of Efficiency (PoE) is a decentralised auction that is conducted automatically and the participants (coordinators) bid a number of tokens so that they have the chance to create the next batch. The strategic implementation of PoE promises to ensure that the network:

  • Maintains its “permissionless” feature to produce L2 batches
  • Is efficient, a criterion which is key for the overall network performance
  • Attains an acceptable degree (Not maximum) of decentralization 
  • Is protected from malicious attacks, especially by validators
  • Keeps a proportionate balance between the overall validation effort and the value in the network.

How does Polygon zkEVM reach consensus?

Consensus Contract (deployed on L1) utilizes a dedicated mechanism to verify that a set of predetermined rules have been followed for allowing state transitions. A smart contract verifies the validity proofs to ensure that each transition is completed correctly. For this to happen, there are two key participants in the network:

Sequencers

  • Roll-up the transaction requests in batches and add them to the PoE Smart Contract. 
  • A Sequencer that proposes valid batches (which consist of valid transactions), is incentivised with the fee paid by transaction-requesters or the users of the network.
  • Anyone with the software necessary for running a zkEVM node can be a Sequencer.

Aggregators

  • Check the validity of the transaction batches and provide validity proofs.
  • In addition to running zkEVM’s zkNode software, Aggregators need to have specialised hardware for creating the zero-knowledge validity proofs utilizing zkProver.
  • An Aggregator that submits a validity proof earns the MATIC fee (which is being paid by the Sequencer of the batch).

The Smart Contract, therefore, makes two calls:

  • One to receive batches from Sequencers
  • Another to aggregators, requesting that batches be validated.

This sounds great, but how can I connect to the Polygon zkEVM?

Mainnet Beta is only going live on the 27th of March, 2023. In the meantime you can become familiar with the Public Testnet and play around with other dApps that are also currently running on testnet. To connect to the network, follow the steps below:

  • Open up your Metamask wallet
  • Click the network name dropdown box at the top of your wallet
  • Click ‘Show/Hide’ test networks and enable it
  • Go back to the network selection dropdown and click ‘Add network’
  • Enter in the RPC details 

Public Testnet Details

Once you have connected to the network, you can deploy smart contracts to the testnet using your preferred scripting tool. Your basic RPC set-up will be the same. (Only cheaper and faster.)

Conclusion

Polygon zkEVM Mainnet is set to be the first fully EVM equivalent ZK rollup to reach mainnet. In the event of a successful launch, the network is poised to attract significant traction and acquire a first-mover advantage. Polygon has set the stage for other scaling solutions to rise to the occasion.

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He has to do it this way so there isn't a revolution on the government's hands. If THEY just came out and told you it has always been voluntary, the people would rise up and take to the streets. There would be mass chaos. -Crypto Michael ⚡️The Dinarian

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Cointelegraph’s live-blog snapshot (edition: 27 Nov 2025) packs the market-moving headlines, on-chain sparks and policy sound-bites that ricocheted through crypto in 24 hrs – from a surprise Basel stablecoin concession to a record open-interest print on BTC futures.

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🔹️ Basel Boost: BCBS officially dropped the punitive 1 250 % risk-weight for bank-held stablecoins (Tether, USDC) and replaced it with a tiered 20 %–100 % framework – unleashing a 2.4 B intraday rally in stablecoin issuer tokens and bank-centric DeFi plays.

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👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading

Custom AI assistants that print money in your sleep? 🔜

The future of Crypto x AI is about to go crazy.

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💠 'Based Agent' enables creation of custom AI agents
💠 Users set up personalized agents in < 3 minutes
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👉 What this means for the future of Crypto:

1. Open Access: Democratized access to advanced trading
2. Automated Txns: Complex trades + streamlined on-chain activity
3. AI Dominance: Est ~80% of crypto 👉txns done by AI agents by 2025

🚨 I personally wouldn't bet against Brian Armstrong and Jesse Pollak.

👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading

If you're using a Ledger Nano X, Flex, or Stax device, the most recent update has also introduced a Bluetooth pairing issue....

Not to worry, you just need to delete the existing device pairing and re-pair it to get it working again.

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XDC Network's acquisition of Contour Network

XDC Network's acquisition of Contour Network marks a silent shift to connect the digital trade infrastructure to real-time, tokenized settlement rails.

In a world where cross-border payments still take days and trap trillions in idle liquidity, integrating Contour’s trade workflows with XDC Network Blockchains' ISO 20022 financial messaging standard to bridge TradFi and Web3 in Trade Finance.

The Current State of Cross-Border Trade Settlements

Cross-border payments remain one of the most inefficient parts of global finance. For decades, companies have inter-dependency with banks and their correspondent banks across the world, forcing them to maintain trillions of dollars in pre-funded nostro and vostro balances — the capital that sits idle while transactions crawl across borders.

Traditional settlement is slow, often 1–5 days, and often with ~2-3% in FX and conversion fees. For every hour a corporation can’t access its own cash increases the cost of financing, tightens liquidity that could be used for other purposes, which in turn slows economic activity.

Before SWIFT, payments were fully manual. Intermediary banks maintained ledgers, and reconciliation across multiple institutions limited speed and volume.

SWIFT reshaped global payments by introducing a secure, standardized messaging infrastructure through ISO 20022 - which quickly became the language of money for 11,000+ institutions in 200 countries.

But SWIFT only fixed the messaging — not the movement. Actual value still moves through slow, capital-intensive correspondent chains.

Regulated and Compliant Stablecoin such as USDC (Circle) solves the part SWIFT never could: instant, on-chain settlement.

Stablecoin Settlement revamping Trade and Tokenization

Stablecoin such as USDC is a digital token pegged to the US Dollar, still the most widely used currency for trade, enabling the movement of funds instantly 24*7 globally - transparently, instantly, and without the need for any intermediaries and the need to lock in trillions of dollars of idle cash.

Tokenized settlement replaces multi-day reconciliation with on-chain finality, reducing:

  • Dependency on intermediaries
  • Operational friction
  • Trillions locked in idle liquidity

For corporates trapped in long working capital cycles, this is transformative.

Digital dollars like USDC make the process simple:

Fiat → Stablecoin → On-Chain Transfer → Fiat

This hybrid model is already widely used across remittances, payouts, and treasury flows.

But one critical piece of global commerce is still lagging:

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The Missing link is still Trade Finance Infrastructure.

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It transforms to a new era of trade-driven liquidity through an end-to-end digital trade from shipping docs to payment confirmation – one infrastructure that powers all.

The breakthrough won’t come from payments alone — it will come from connecting trade finance to real-time settlement rails.

The XDC + Contour Shift: A Silent Revolution

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Together, they form the first end-to-end digital trade finance network linking:

Documentation → Validation → Settlement all under a single infrastructure.

XDC Ventures (XVC.TECH) is launching a Stable-Coin Lab to work with financial institutions on regulated stablecoin pilots for trade to deepen institutional trade-finance integration through launch of pilots with banks and corporates for regulated stable-coin issuance and settlement.

The Bottom Line

Payments alone won’t transform Global Trade Finance — Trade finance + Tokenized Settlement will.

This is the shift happening underway XDC Network's acquisition of Contour is the quiet catalyst.

Learn how trade finance is being revolutionised:

https://www.reuters.com/press-releases/xdc-ventures-acquires-contour-network-launches-stablecoin-lab-trade-finance-2025-10-22/

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Inside The Deal That Made Polymarket’s Founder One Of The Youngest Billionaires On Earth🌍

One year ago, the FBI raided Polymarket founder Shayne Coplan’s apartment. Now, the college dropout is a billionaire at age 27.

In July, Jeffrey Sprecher, the 70-year-old billionaire CEO of Intercontinental Exchange, the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange, sat at Manhatta, an upscale restaurant in the financial district overlooking the sprawling New York City skyline from the 60th floor. As a sommelier weaved through tables pouring wine, in walked Shayne Coplan—in a T-shirt and jeans, clutching a plastic water bottle and a paper bag with a bagel he’d picked up en route. Sprecher chuckles as he recalls his first impression of the boyish, eccentric entrepreneur: “An old bald guy that works at the New York Stock Exchange, where we require that you wear a suit and tie, next to a mop-headed guy in a T-shirt that's 27.” But Sprecher was fascinated by Polymarket, Coplan’s blockchain-based prediction market, and after dinner, he made his move: “I asked Shayne if he would consider selling us his company.”

Prediction markets like Polymarket let thousands of ordinary people bet on future events—the unemployment rate, say, or when BitCoin will hit an all-time high. In aggregate, prediction market bets have proven to be something of a crystal ball with the wisdom of the crowd often proving itself more prescient than expert opinion. For instance, Polymarket punters predicted that Trump would prevail in the 2024 presidential election, when many national pundits were sure that Kamala Harris would win.

Coplan initially turned down Sprecher’s buyout offer. But discussions led to negotiations and eventually a deal. In October, Intercontinental announced it had invested $2 billion for an up to 25% stake in the company, bringing the young solo founder the balance he was looking for. “We're consumer, we’re viral, we're culture. They’re finance, they’re headless and they’re infrastructure,” Coplan tells Forbes in a recent interview.

At the same time, Coplan announced investments from other billionaires including Figma’s Dylan Field, Zynga’s Mark Pincus, Uber’s Travis Kalanick and hedge fund manager Glenn Dubin. A longtime Red Hot Chili Peppers fan, Coplan even convinced lead singer Anthony Kiedis to invest after a mutual acquaintance brought the musician to Coplan’s apartment one day. “He's buzzing my door, and I’m like, ‘holy shit,'” Coplan recalls, his bright blue eyes widening. “I love their music. A lot of the inspiration [for my work] comes from the music that I listen to.”

Thanks to the deals, Polymarket’s valuation quickly shot to $9 billion, making the 2025 Under 30 alum the world’s youngest self-made billionaire, with an estimated 11% stake worth $1 billion. His reign was short: twenty days later, he was overtaken as the youngest by the three 22-year-old founders of AI startup Mercor.

Young entrepreneurs are minting ten-figure fortunes faster than ever. In addition to the Mercor trio and Coplan, 15 other Under 30 alumni—including ScaleAI cofounder Lucy Guo, Reddit’s Steve Huffman and Cursor’s cofounders—became billionaires this year, while Guo’s cofounder Alexandr Wang and Robinhood’s Vlad Tenev (both former Under 30 honorees) regained their billionaire status after having fallen out of the ranks.

The budding billionaire has long been fascinated by markets and tech. When he was just 14, Coplan emailed the regional Securities and Exchange Commission office to ask how to create new marketplaces. “I did not get a response, but it’s a really funny email,” he says, grinning playfully as he thinks of his younger self. “It just shows that this stuff takes over a decade of percolating in your mind.”

Two years later, Coplan showed up at the offices of internet startup Genius uninvited after multiple emails of his asking for an internship went ignored. At age 16—at least a decade younger than anyone in that office—he secured his first job after making a memorable impression with his “wild curls” and “encyclopedic knowledge of billionaire tech entrepreneurs.” “If he chooses to become a tech entrepreneur, which seems likely, I have no doubt that we’ll be seeing his name again in the press before long,” Chris Glazek, his manager at the time, wrote in Coplan’s college recommendation letter.

Coplan went on to study computer science at NYU, but dropped out in 2017 to work on various crypto projects that never took off. In 2020, he founded Polymarket to create a solution to the “rampant misinformation” he saw in the world: The company’s first market allowed users to bet on when New York City would reopen amid the pandemic. He soon expanded into elections and pop culture happenings, among other events.

But it didn’t take long for the company to butt heads with regulators. In January 2022, Polymarket paid a $1.4 million fine to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission for offering unregistered markets. It was also ordered to block all U.S. users, but activity on Polymarket skyrocketed particularly during the 2024 U.S. presidential election, with bets totaling $3.6 billion. A week after the election, the FBI raided Coplan's apartment and seized his devices as part of an investigation into a possible violation of this agreement. Shortly after, Coplan posted on his X account that he saw the raid as “a last-ditch effort” from the Biden administration “to go after companies they deem to be associated with political opponents.”

In July, the Department of Justice and CFTC dropped the investigations—after which Sprecher reached out to Coplan for dinner—and less than a week later, Polymarket announced it had acquired CFTC-licensed derivatives exchange QCX to prepare for a compliant U.S. launch. QCX applied to be a federally-registered exchange in 2022—an application that was left dormant for three years before receiving approval less than two weeks before the acquisition was announced. When asked about the timing of the deal, Coplan points to CFTC acting chairwoman Caroline Pham, who President Trump tapped to lead the agency in January. “Caroline deserves a lot of credit for getting every single license that had been paused for no reason approved, as acting chairwoman in less than a year,” he says. Coplan had realized an acquisition might be the only way for Polymarket to legally operate in the U.S. as early as 2021 due to the lengthy federal approval process, a source familiar with the deal told Forbes.

Just two months after the acquisition and days after Donald Trump Jr. joined Polymarket’s advisory board, the company received federal approval to launch in the U.S. (Trump Jr. has also served as a strategic advisor to Polymarket’s main competitor Kalshi since January.)

Polymarket’s rapid rise has drawn critics. Dennis Kelleher, co-founder and CEO of Washington-based financial advocacy group Better Markets, told Forbes in an email that the current administration’s deregulation around prediction markets has unlocked a regulatory “loophole” to enable “unregulated gambling” under the CFTC, “which has zero expertise, capacity or resources to regulate and police these markets.” Kelleher added that with backing from the Trump family “who are directly trying to profit on this new gambling den… the massive deregulation and crypto hysteria will almost certainly end badly for the American people.”

Investors and businesses are scrambling to seize the moment of deregulation. “We had opportunities to invest in events markets earlier, but there was a lot of risk,” Sprecher says, listing the regulatory changes in favor of crypto and prediction markets under the current administration. “This was the moment to invest if we wanted to still be early in the space.”

In the last few months, Trump’s Truth Social and sportsbook FanDuel, as well as cryptocurrency exchanges Crypto.com, Coinbase and Gemini all announced their own plans to offer prediction markets. Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev said prediction markets, which were integrated into its platform in March, were helping drive record activity for the retail brokerage in its third quarter earnings call.

“People are starting to realize right now that the opportunities are endless,” says Dubin, the billionaire hedge fund veteran who invested in Polymarket earlier this year. He points to sports betting companies, which have been regulated by states as gambling activity and taxed accordingly. States like New York can tax up to 51% of sportsbooks’ revenue, but federally-regulated prediction markets can bypass state laws, avoiding taxes and operating in all 50 states. With the realization that prediction markets could upend the sports betting industry—which brought in $13.7 billion in revenue in 2024—businesses are quickly jumping on board despite pushback from state gambling regulators. In October, both Polymarket and Kalshi secured partnerships with sportsbook PrizePicks and the National Hockey League, and Polymarket announced exclusive partnerships with sportsbook DraftKings and the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

The disruption won’t be limited to sports betting. Alongside its investment, Intercontinental’s tens of thousands of institutional clients including large hedge funds and over 750 third-party providers of data will soon have access to Polymarket data, as it gets integrated into Intercontinental’s products such as indices to better inform investment decisions. It also hopes to work with Polymarket to work on initiatives around tokenization—or converting financial assets into digital tokens on blockchain technology—to allow traders on Intercontinental’s exchanges to trade more flexibly at all hours of the day, Sprecher says. What’s more, in November, Google Finance announced it would integrate Polymarket and Kalshi data into its search results, while Yahoo Finance also announced an exclusive partnership with Polymarket.

Despite flashy investors, partnerships and a record $2.4 billion of trading volume in November, Polymarket has yet to launch in the U.S. or turn a profit. Coplan and his investors have hinted at ways the company could make money one day—selling its data, charging fees to users, launching a cryptocurrency token (similar to Ethereum or Bitcoin)—but decline to confirm any specifics. For now, the only thing that’s certain is the bet Coplan is making on himself. “Going for it and having it not pan out is an infinitely better outcome than living your life as a what if,” he says.

Standing across from the New York Stock Exchange building, Coplan tilts his head up as he watches a massive banner with Polymarket’s logo get hoisted onto the exterior of the building. It’s been five years since founding. One year since the FBI raid. He’s taking it all in. “Against all odds,” the bright blue banner reads, rippling in the wind alongside three American flags protruding from the building.

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Epstein-Linked Emails Expose Funding Ties to Bitcoin Core Development — Here Is What the Documents Reveal
  • Newly released emails show Jeffrey Epstein helped fund MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative, which supported Bitcoin Core development.
  • The documents also confirm that Leon Black donated to MIT’s Media Lab through Epstein-directed channels.
  • The revelations reshape part of Bitcoin’s early institutional funding history and highlight long-hidden influence from controversial donors.

Newly unsealed emails from the House Oversight Committee have shed fresh light on Jeffrey Epstein’s hidden financial influence inside MIT’s Media Lab — and more importantly, how some of that money flowed into Bitcoin Core development. The correspondence reveals that Joichi Ito, then-director of the MIT Media Lab, relied on Epstein-connected “gift funds” to rapidly launch the Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) in 2015, the research hub that became one of the primary sources of funding for Bitcoin’s core developers.

Emails Show Epstein-Connected Money Helped Launch MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative

In the newly surfaced emails, Ito directly thanked Epstein for the financial help that allowed MIT to “move quickly and win this round,” referring to the formation of DCI — a program explicitly designed to provide long-term support for Bitcoin Core contributors after the collapse of the Bitcoin Foundation. Ito’s forwarded message to Epstein described how the foundation’s implosion left core developers without stable funding, creating an opening for MIT to bring them under its umbrella.

He explained that three major developers — including Wladimir van der Laan and Cory Fields — agreed to join MIT, calling it “a big win for us.” The email also highlighted early support from prominent academics, including cryptographer Ron Rivest and IMF economist Simon Johnson. Epstein simply replied: “gavin is clever.”

Funding Numbers Reveal a Much Larger Financial Trail

MIT publicly claimed that Epstein donated $850,000 to the institution, with $525,000 flowing to the Media Lab. But journalist Ronan Farrow later reported the true figure was closer to $7.5 million — including a $5 million anonymous donation connected to Epstein associate Leon Black. The new emails appear to confirm that Black not only donated, but did so through Epstein’s direction.

One email from Ito to Epstein reads: “We were able to keep the Leon Black money, but the $25K from your foundation is getting bounced by MIT back to ASU.”

 

Epstein responded: “No problem — trying to get more black for you.”

The documents reveal Epstein’s influence reached deeper into Bitcoin circles than previously acknowledged, even including early conversations with Brock Pierce — another figure with documented ties to both Epstein and controversy surrounding early crypto foundations.

MIT’s Internal Concerns and the Fallout

The emails also expose MIT’s internal unease around anonymous or reputationally risky donations. After the scandal broke, Ito resigned in 2019. MIT later tightened donation policies, warning that “everything becomes public” eventually — a statement that now seems prophetic given this week’s disclosures.

Developers like Wladimir van der Laan say they were unaware of the extent of Epstein’s involvement and noted that DCI’s funding transparency “was not great back in the day.” The Media Lab and DCI declined to comment.

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XDC: xdcc2C02203C4f91375889d7AfADB09E207Edf809A6

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