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Lightweight and Flexible Data Access for Algorand
March 24, 2023
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Algorand has released a new tool for blockchain data access: Conduit. Conduit is a modular plugin-based tool and a powerful upgrade to the one-size-fits-all Indexer. Conduit allows dapps to get exactly the data they need in an affordable deployment.

Useful, but bulky: the Indexer

The Indexer is a ready-to-go open-source tool that pulls the data from the blockchain, stores it in a database, and offers an API to serve that data. The existence of the Indexer has been a significant boon for the Algorand ecosystem, allowing anybody to easily read the Algorand blockchain.

However, the Indexer has historically had one major drawback: it is expensive to run. There are two main reasons for this:

  1. Running an Indexer requires also running an archival node that stores every block since the beginning of the blockchain.
  2. The Indexer collects the entire blockchain history (every transaction since block zero) in a Postgres database.

These facts make the Indexer a multi-Terabyte deployment. A typical Indexer requires a number of expensive resources, and these multiply for production deployments needing redundancy, load-balancing, and covering multiple regions.

The scale of the Indexer also makes it slow to initialize, and only capable of serving the specific queries for which it is indexed. As the Algorand blockchain has grown, it has become impractical for smaller projects to maintain their own Indexers.

Consequently, the ecosystem mostly relies on a few API/data providers. These providers run Indexers and charge dapps for their API calls. This is more economical and practical than each group running their own Indexer, but it presents other inflexibilities.

Dapps should have an accessible option to own their own data access infrastructure. This is what Conduit was built for.

Conduit, the Basics

Conduit is a new solution with several major advantages:

  1. Conduit does not require running an archival algod node.
  2. Conduit lets users filter incoming blockchain data, allowing them to collect strictly the data they need for their applications.
  3. Conduit offers a data pruning feature that allows users to automatically delete old transactions when pruning is enabled.
  4. With Conduit, users can build custom data exporters that use the data destination of their choice.
  5. Conduit is designed as an extensible plugin architecture. Any community-contributed plugin can be integrated by anyone.

Conduit allows users to configure their own data pipelines for filtering, aggregation, and storage of transactions and accounts on any Algorand network.

A Conduit pipeline is composed of an importer, optional processor(s), and exporter plugins. Along with the Conduit release, the following noteworthy plugins are made available.

  • Algod importer — fetches blocks from an algod REST API.
  • Filter processor — filters data based on transaction fields.
  • Postgres exporter — writes the data to a Postgres database.
  • File writer exporter — writes the data to a file.

Configuring a Conduit pipeline requires defining which plugins to use, and if necessary, configuring the plugins. For example, the filter processor requires a definition of what to filter.

This is best demonstrated with an example. See a basic walkthrough here.

Conduit’s Filter Processor

The filter processor is a key new feature introduced with Conduit. It allows users to filter the transaction data based on any transaction field — transaction type, app ID, asset ID, sender, receiver, amount, etc. These filters can also be combined.

Since many transactions are submitted as grouped transactions, the filter processor allows users to choose whether or not to include the entire transaction group when the filter conditions are met.

The filter processor will always include inner transactions for transactions that match the specified filter conditions.

Full details on the filter processor are here.

A New Node Configuration for Conduit: Follow Mode

Conduit is used to track data from the blockchain and make it available to the off-chain world. Every time a new block is created on-chain, Conduit is informed about every change to every piece of state since the prior block, such as new accounts created, app states updated, boxes deleted, etc.

Some dapps use an object called the ApplyData to track some kinds of state changes, however this approach is technically limited. Not all changes are reflected in this object, and ApplyData are only cached for 4 rounds on non-archival nodes, meaning that delayed handling of ApplyData updates for more than 15 or so seconds will result in an unrecoverable state error.

The old Indexer architecture solved these challenges by requiring access to an archival algod node. Indexer used a “local ledger” to track the state changes from round to round, and thus avoided the incomplete ApplyData object. The drawback of this design is the need for an expensive archival node.

Conduit instead requires access to a node in a new lightweight “follow mode” configuration which replaces the need for the archival configuration. Conduit can pause and unpause this node’s round updates as required. The pause functionality ensures that the Conduit process will not miss out on any blockchain state updates. Conduit also makes use of a new “state delta” endpoint introduced in the node to eliminate the requirement for a large local ledger.

A node with follow mode enabled cannot participate in consensus, as votes based on paused state information would be rejected. Similarly, submitting transactions to such a node is not possible, as acceptance based on paused, outdated state information might be judged invalid by the rest of the blockchain.

Conduit as an Extensible Tool

Focusing on open-source principles and decentralization, Conduit’s design encourages custom-built solutions, setting it apart from the Indexer. In our initial release, we encourage new plugin submissions via PRs to the Conduit repository. We aim for the plugin framework to inspire community involvement, allowing everyone to benefit from shared efforts. Currently, we’re engaging the community to identify optimal management for externally-supported plugins long-term (join the conversation on Discord #conduit channel!)

We have already seen the development of a Kafka plugin by a community member (Iridium#4127 on Discord), who has this to say about Conduit:

“… it [Conduit] allows [you] to choose your … targeted product (e.g. Kafka) to quickly build a plugin and let the data flow. Mainly it’s just importing the correct library — configure your connection and use the library to send messages to your system. Receiving is already handled by Conduit.”

Comparing Deployments: Legacy Indexer vs. Conduit Architecture

Indexer, legacy architecture

  • Requires an archival algod node, which requires at least 1.1 TB of storage.
  • Requires a Postgres database with full historical data, or 1.5 TB of storage.

Source for the above: howbigisalgorand.com

Conduit architecture

  • Requires a node with “follow mode” enabled, which requires 40 GB of storage (like other non-archival nodes).
  • Conduit can use a Postgres database, or a different data store. The user can store full historical data, or a subset. This is at most 1.5 TB if storing the full history, and could be as little as a few GB.

The costs of these deployments will vary depending on whether users are self-hosted or using cloud providers (and vary greatly by provider). However, the storage costs will be strictly less for a Conduit-backed deployment.

Note that storage will likely be the major cost factor, and bandwidth and compute requirements are similar across both architectures.

Continued Indexer Support

We are continuing to support the existing releases of Indexer which run its old architecture (using the archival node) at this time. If users would like to continue using the Indexer but also want to save costs by removing the need for an archival node, they have the option to run an Indexer backed by Conduit. The Indexer interface remains the same. See our migration guide here.

Conduit Builds Better Apps

Conduit was designed to be flexible and extensible, intended to allow developers to build whatever data solution fits their needs. As such, Conduit has countless applications.

Want to run Conduit to support your dapp reporting needs?

Want to extend the Indexer API?

Want to power an event-driven system based on on-chain events?

Want to scale your API Provider service by using CockroachDB?

Want to dump everything to S3 and just query that?

The limitations imposed by the Indexer’s rigidity no longer apply. While Conduit doesn’t provide everything for free, it offers users the flexibility to build what they need.

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Custom AI assistants that print money in your sleep? 🔜

The future of Crypto x AI is about to go crazy.

👉 Here’s what you need to know:

💠 'Based Agent' enables creation of custom AI agents
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🚨 I personally wouldn't bet against Brian Armstrong and Jesse Pollak.

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⭐️ The future of the financial system
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https://x.com/Ripple/status/1950640088469176761

Trump Administration = Favorable for UTILITY DRIVEN CRYPTO INITIATIVES.✅

XRP = A functional Utility Cryptocurrency ✅

Clear?😶‍🌫️

OP Smqkedqg

There will be a LOT of spam, scam, uncertainty and crime surrounding the Midnight airdrop (@midnightfdn).

There is currently no action required.

While @XamanWallet is self custodial and technically no one needs us to participate, we will digest information about the airdrop as it becomes available, and make sure to make it as easy as possible for
@XamanWallet users to participate in the airdrop.

We will communicate about this in-app, through an xApp to prevent confusion and scammers taking advantage of the uncertainty on social media.

When users can take action to participate, we will inform our users though in-app communication.

Trust NO SOCIAL MEDIA.
Trust NO WEBSITE.
Trust NO DM-MESSAGES.
Trust NO (potentially fake) XRPL Labs / Xaman staff on social.

Trust only our in app support xApp, and the in app Midnight Airdrop information we will communicate once more information is made available by the Midnight/Glacier/... team.

https://x.com/WietseWind/status/1950548314392326354

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PYTH: We'll Always Have Coldplay

Welcome back to The Epicenter, where crypto chaos meets corporate cringe.

But surprisingly, crypto has not been the most chaotic corner of the internet as of late.

That honor goes to the startup Astronomer, whose CEO’s cheating scandal broke the web in a glorious meme-fueled media frenzy. The company’s damage control? Hiring Gwyneth Paltrow as a “temporary spokesperson.” Do we think they’re grasping at straws or setting a new standard for PR?

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A few things that are also worth noting: Winklevoss vs. JPMorgan, Visa’s take on stablecoins, and Robinhood’s Euro drama that defies the chillness of eurosummer.

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From meme-fueled PR stunts to Bitcoin-backed money-market funds, this week reminded us that markets move fast—and headlines move faster. With Wall Street automating itself, fintechs beefing with banks, and even your smartphone becoming a miner, anything is possible. Stay curious, stay cynical, and as always—stay sharp and stay liquid. We’ll see you back here in two weeks.

— The Epicenter, powered by Pyth Network

 

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4 Fintech Companies 💸& Things To Know About 🤔

The fintech revolution is reshaping the way we manage, invest, and move money, breaking down traditional barriers and empowering individuals worldwide. As financial technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, a select group of innovative companies are leading the charge by offering groundbreaking solutions that redefine banking, payments, and digital assets. Whether you’re a savvy investor, an industry professional, or simply curious about the future of finance, discovering these trailblazing fintech companies is essential to understanding today’s dynamic financial landscape.

 

  1.  Alina Invest - The AI Wealth Manager for GenZ Women

Alina is aimed at women under 25 who identify as beginner investors. They're an SEC-registered investment advisor that charges $120/year for membership. The service "buys and sells for you" and gives up notification updates of recent transactions like a wealth manager would.

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2. Blue layer - The Carbon project funding platform

Bluelayer allows Carbon project developers to take from feasibility studies to issuing credits, tracking inventory, and managing orders. Developers of reforestation, conservation, direct air capture, and other projects can also directly report to industry registries. 

👉 Carbon investing and tax credits are heavily incentivized but need transparent data. By focusing on the developers, Bluelayer can ensure the data, reporting, and credits lifecycle is all managed at the source. This is smart.

3. Akirolabs - Modern Procurement for enterprise

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4. NeoTax - Automated Tax R&D Credits

NeoTax allows companies to connect their engineering tools to calculate available tax advantages automatically. Once calculated, the tax fillings are clearly labeled with supporting evidence for the IRS.

👉 AWS and GCP log files and data are a goldmine. Last week, I covered Bilanc, which uses log files to figure out per-account unit economics. Now, we calculate R&D tax credits. The unlock here is LLM's ability to understand unstructured data. The hard part is understanding the moat, but time will tell.

In an era where technology and finance are increasingly intertwined, these four fintech companies stand out as catalysts for positive change. By driving progress in digital payments, asset management, lending, and decentralized finance, they are not only making financial services more accessible and efficient—they are also paving the way for a more inclusive and empowered global economy. Staying informed about their innovations can help you seize new opportunities and take part in the future of finance.

 

👀Things to know 👀

 

PayPal issued low guidance and warned of a “transition year.” The stock is down 8% in extended trading despite PayPal reporting a 9% growth in revenue and 23% EBITDA. Gross profit is down 4% YoY. PayPal's total revenues were $29Bn for the year

Adyen reported 22% revenue growth and an EBITDA margin of 46% for the full year. Adyen's total revenues were $1.75bn for the full year. The margin was down from 55% the previous year, impacted by hiring ahead of growth.

🤔 PayPal’s Braintree (unbranded) is losing market share in the US, while Adyen is winning it. eCommerce is growing ~9 to 10% YoY, and PayPal’s transaction revenue grew by 6.7%. The higher interest rate environment meant interest on balances dragged up the total revenue figure. Their core business is losing market share. Adyen is outgrowing the market by ~12%.

🤔 The PayPal button (branded) is losing to SHOP Pay and Apple Pay. The branded experience from Apple and Shopify is delightful for users; it’s fast and helps with small details like delivery tracking. That experience translates to higher conversion (and more revenue) for merchants.

🤔 The lack of a single global platform hurts PayPal, but it helps Adyen. In the earnings call, the new CEO admitted their mix of platforms like Venmo, PayPal, and Braintree are holding them back. They aim to combine and simplify, but that’s easier said than done.

🤔 Making a single platform from PayPal, Venmo, and Braintree won’t be easy. There’s a graveyard of payment company CEOs who tried to make “one platform” from things they acquired years ago. It’s crucial if they’re going to grow that they get their innovation edge back. Adyen has one platform in every market.

🤔 PayPal’s UK and European acquiring business is a bright spot. The UK and EU delivered 20% of overall revenue, growing 11% YoY. Square and Toast don’t have market share here, while iZettle, which PayPal acquired in 2018, is a strong market player. Overall though, it’s yet another tech stack and business that’s not part of a single global platform.

The two banks provided accounts to UK front companies secretly owned by an Iranian petrochemicals company. PCC has used these entities to receive funds from Iranian entities in China, concealed with trustee agreements and nominee directors. 

🤔 This is the headline every bank CEO fears. Oof. Shares of both banks have been down since the news broke, but this will no doubt involve crisis calls, committees, appearing in front of the regulator, and, finally, some sort of fine.

🤔 The "risk-based approach" has been arbitraged. A UK company with relatively low annual revenue would look "low risk" at onboarding. One business the FT covered looked like a small company at a residential address to compliance staff. They'd likely apply branch-level controls instead of the enterprise-grade controls you'd see for a large corporation. 

🤔 Hiring more staff won't fix this problem; it's a mindset and technology challenge. In theory, all of the skill and technology that exists to manage risks with large corporate customers (in the transaction banking divisions) are available to the other parts of a bank. In practice, they're not. Most banks lack a single data set and the ability for compliance officers in one team to see data from another part of the org. Getting the basics right with data and tooling is incredibly hard and will involve a multi-year effort. 

🤔 These things are rarely the failure of an individual or department; the issue is systemic. While two banks are named in this headline, the issue is everywhere. Banks need more data and better data to train better AI and machine learning. That all needs to happen in real-time as a compliment to the human staff. Throwing bodies at this won't solve the visibility issue teams have.

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What is XAH and Xahau?

If you're new to XRP, you may have noticed some of us discussing another network named 'Xahau'.

It's Like XRP ... But Different

The Xahau network was created in 2023, and its starting point was the open-source code for the XRP Ledger. A small team of researchers and entrepreneurs decided to add smart contracts to the network code.


The XRP Ledger has no smart contract capabilities, by default.

To integrate smart contracts, the team decided to use an architecture that includes 'WASM' or 'web assembly' code. Each account can have up to 10 'hooks' installed that are triggered for transactions that match specific criteria. They can run before or after a transaction is processed. This enables a variety of use cases that do not involve the need to change the network's core code.

Hooks

A 'hook' is what is known as a smart contract that can be triggered in relation to a specific account and its transactions.

The term arises from the programming world, where it generally means "code that runs based on triggering conditions." In Xahau's case, it indicates code that is run before, or after, a transaction is processed.
 
Each hook must be installed on a specific account by the party that controls the account - i.e., the secret key holder.
 
What Can XAH Do That XRP Cannot?
 
The primary benefit from the use of hooks, is that the core network code does not need to be changed every time a new use case is identified. This means that additional use cases can be addressed immediately, with no requirement for intervening steps, such as:
  • Community review
  • Community approval
  • Amendment voting
All of those steps are eliminated with the use of hooks; new use cases can be addressed as fast as the code can be developed.
 
To read more about how hooks enables Xahau to handle more use cases than even the XRPL, you can read this article:
 
Key Differences From XRP
 
Other unique differences from the XRP Ledger include:
  • Much smaller supply ~612 million coins vs. 100 billion coins
  • XAH hodlers are rewarded at 4% of their account balance. There are no rewards for XRP.
  • Governance participants are incentivized
  • Payment channels available for user-created tokens (IOUs)
  • URI tokens instead of NFT tokens
Who's Who of Xahau?
 
The list of those that are either founders, or closely associated with the founding organizations, is extensive. Here are the names of three organizations mentioned in the whitepaper, or their current moniker:
  • Xaman (a.k.a. XRPL Labs)
  • Gatehub
  • InFTF (Inclusive Financial Technology Foundation)
There exists a long list of impressive developers, architects, and technologists among the Xahau inner circle. But the three names that people associate most prominently with the leadership of the Xahau network are Wietse Wind, Richard Holland, and Denis Angell. The links to their 'X' accounts are:
 
Friend Or Foe?
 
This topic is one of the most contentious.
 
While Ripple, the company with the largest stake of XRP, showed interest in hooks early on, they ultimately decided to advocate for a different approach; the use of an EVM-based solution (Ethereum Virtual Machine) to handle smart contracts on the XRP Ledger. This decision was met with consternation by the Xaman team that had worked with them for several years to advocate for the use of hooks.
 
You can read more about the 'business politics' part of this topic here:
 
So how do Xahau fans view the relationship between XRP and XAH?
 
The Xahau team - and many of its community members - advocate for the use of a 'dual-chain' solution to implement smart contracts. This can be accomplished by the use of 'listener' software, along with native Xahau hooks.
 
A proof of concept, developed by Denis Angell, has demonstrated that bi-lateral communication can work with a simple approach.
 
From an economic standpoint, every chain that has its own digital asset is a competitor; but the simple way to think about Xahau, is that a 'bunch of XRP geeks' decided to implement smart contracts on their own version of the XRP Ledger.
 
The team emphasized transparency along the way, and initially received support from the primary XRP stakeholder, Ripple. They published Xahau as open-source code that could, in theory, be back-engineered and integrated with the XRP Ledger. You can clearly observe the team's idealistic mindset in early marketing mistakes, where they named their digital asset 'XRP Plus' in an effort to emphasize the way that they viewed their creation. While this resulted in confusion - and even suspicion - in its early days, the team quickly pivoted, and named their digital asset 'XAH', which became its ticker symbol.
 
Synergy effects between the two camps speak to a genuine camaraderie, with many Xahau developers being open and willing to help with changes to the core XRP Ledger protocol. You can find many examples of this open dialogue on the 'X' platform.
 
How To Purchase XAH
 
If you wish to speculate by buying XAH directly, it is available in a variety of convenient locations, depending on where you are located. If you're in a country that is supported by Bitrue, you can directly purchase or trade XAH by using that exchange.
 
On January 20th, 2025, Bitmart announced that it supports trading of XAH for customers in their list of supported countries; And in late March, another major exchange announced that they would be supporting XAH trading pairs: Coinex.
 
If you're located in the United States, you can purchase XAH directly from a vendor known as 'C14'. The xApp for C14 is located in the Xaman wallet.
 
XRP Ledger geeks can also purchase XAH IOUs on the XRPL Dex and then convert them to 'real' XAH using a Gatehub bridge. This is available in countries that Gatehub supports.
 
Which XAH Accounts Should I Follow?
 
On the 'X' platform, there exists two major community groups for XAH fans:
In addition to the Xahau notables I've already mentioned in this article, my advice is to take a look at who is posting in the above two communities. There are many impressive leaders and entrepreneurs included. You should be able to find multiple 'X' accounts that reflect your interests.
 
Xahau Development Roadmap
 
Xahau leaders have published a roadmap for 2025 that lists their various goals for the ecosystem:
 
To read a detailed explanation for each item, refer to this: Xahau Roadmap Super Thread
 
One of the most incredible waypoints listed is 'JavaScript Hooks Implementation.' 🤯
JavaScript!
 
With the 'JavaScript Hooks Implementation', Xahau is making history; it will enable anybody that knows JavaScript to easily create and install a smart contract. While networks like Ethereum are impressive early movers, they require developers to learn a new language and syntax.
 
Xahau will soon open 'crypto smart contracts' to a group of developers that number in the tens of millions.
 
Project L-10K
 
Project L-10K is one of the most important items in the pipeline. L-10K refers to the effort to boost the throughput of Xahau consensus to over 10,000 transactions per ledger! This will benefit hosted projects such as Evernode, and future issued assets. Heading up the effort is Richard Holland, who provided a progress update to the community in late May of 2025:
 
To learn more about this ambitious effort, you can watch his full presentation here:
The Future Of Defi And Payments
 
Once you've seen the extensive list of use cases that XAH easily handles, it's truly inspiring. Xahau is everything that you love about XRP, plus a long list of more things to love. ❤️
 
Be an early adopter of XAH and the Xahau network! Join the community groups listed and follow the accounts that seem to reflect your own interest - speculator, developer, or crypto fan. You have a place in our community, no matter what your background or interests are. Welcome to the future of crypto Defi and Payments
 
Sources:
 
 
NOTE: Payment channels for IOUs is currently in amendment status for the XRP Ledger, authored by Denis Angel here:
 
 

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If you find value in my content, consider showing your support via:

💳 PayPal: 

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🔗 Crypto – Support via Coinbase Wallet to: [email protected]

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