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Digital euro law: Surveillance should be “impossible by design”, says EU Parliament report
May 26, 2023
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A recent European Parliament report analyzing the digital euro’s legal basis has argued against the European Central Bank’s (ECB) suggested tight holding limits, remuneration schemes, and limited privacy features. The first rollout date, currently set for 2027, might be too ambitious to implement all the desirable legislation

A topical point raised in the paper is the role of banks and payment providers. Legal tender legislation might require merchants and payment firms to accept CBDC but won’t force banks to act as intermediaries as the ECB is planning. However, the paper doesn’t delve into the challenge of refusing a central bank who is also your regulator.

Legally risky digital euro features

Two key design decisions for the digital euro are holding limits that could be around €3,000 and the possibility of paying interest. Holding limits should prevent mass migration to CBDC from bank deposits. But it moves the digital euro away from the concept of it being digital cash because physical cash has no such restrictions. As we’ll see, classing it as digital cash has some legal ramifications. 

As for paying interest, the problem is that it creates unnecessary complexity and risks interfering with commercial banks’ deposit-taking business, defeating the purpose of the holding limits. A tiered structure – paying different interest rates depending on the amount – could be a preferred alternative. 

However, imposing negative interest rates could be legally problematic as it could infringe on the European Convention on Human Rights, which states, “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions.”. 

The author, Seraina Grünewald, is emphatic on the interest point: “The idea of remunerating the digital euro was intellectually appealing in the early discussions on CBDC designs. As the digital euro is moving towards its realisation, the idea should be retired for good – not only because the added value of remuneration compared or in addition to holding limits is at best unclear, but also because it creates significant legal risk.”

Lastly, the author delves into the question of privacy, a matter that will have a “determining influence on the demand and ultimate success.” From a legal perspective, a digital euro would be more cash-like the closer it is to the anonymity of physical cash. 

“It is wise and legally desirable to ensure that systematic surveillance of the payment behavior of individual citizens and firms by the ECB as a public institution is rendered impossible by design,” wrote Grünewald.

Two legal bases

An important part of the author’s analysis rests on a key legal distinction. The digital euro has been presented both as a “digital equivalent of euro banknotes” and an “electronic means of payment for retail payments”, but that difference is key because a different legal basis governs each option. And the paper notes there has been a shift from digital cash towards a payments system.

If the CBDC were simply introduced as a digital version of cash, it would legally rely on the European Union Treaty authorizing the ECB and national banks to issue bank notes (Article 128(1) TFEU). However, the digital euro also needs a distribution and settlement infrastructure to function, so its introduction also rests on the need to ensure the smooth operation of payment systems(Article 127(2.4) TFEU).

If there were ever a legal challenge, based on current legislation, the courts tend to look for a “center of gravity” and prioritize one legal basis over the other. However, there are cases when they may accept a dual legal basis if no center of gravity can be identified. Yet the author notes that “an express Treaty basis would clearly be the first-best solution in the long term.” 

Work is already in progress for EU legislation that would govern the operation of the digital euro payment system. It is still being determined whether this includes a Treaty amendment to support the CBDC issuance.

The paper concludes by recognizing that laying the groundwork for introducing a digital euro will take time. Establishing the appropriate legislative framework, including the need for laws to be enacted subsequently at a national level, could add additional delays. That complicates the initial launch, which if given the go ahead, is currently set for 2027.

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Dubai regulator VARA classifies RWA issuance as licensed activity
Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA) leads global regulatory framework - makes RWA issuance licensed activity in Dubai.

Real-world assets (RWAs) issuance is now licensed activity in Dubai.

~ Actual law.
~ Not a legal gray zone.
~ Not a whitepaper fantasy.

RWA issuance and listing on secondary markets is defined under binding crypto regulation.

It’s execution by Dubai.

Irina Heaver explained:

“RWA issuance is no longer theoretical. It’s now a regulatory reality.”

VARA defined:

- RWAs are classified as Asset-Referenced Virtual Assets (ARVAs)

- Secondary market trading is permitted under VARA license

- Issuers need capital, audits, and legal disclosures

- Regulated broker-dealers and exchanges can now onboard and trade them

This closes the gap that killed STOs in 2018.

No more tokenization without venues.
No more assets without liquidity.

UAE is doing what Switzerland, Singapore, and Europe still haven’t:

Creating enforceable frameworks for RWA tokenization that actually work.

Matthew White, CEO of VARA, said it perfectly:

“Tokenization will redefine global finance in 2025.”

He’s not exaggerating.

$500B+ market predicted next year.

And the UAE just gave it legal rails.

~Real estate.
~Private credit.
~Shariah-compliant products.

Everything is in play.

This is how you turn hype into infrastructure.

What Dubai is doing now is 3 years ahead of everyone else.

Founders, investors, ecosystem builders:

You want to build real-world assets onchain.

Don’t waste another year waiting for clarity.

Come to Dubai.

It’s already here.

 

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🎬Proof the Deep State Planned This War for Years🎬
Nation First outlines how the Israeli attack on Iran was planned by the Deep State and the Military Industrial Complex over 15 years ago.

Prepare to have your mind blown

~Namasté 🙏 Crypto Michael ⚡ The Dinarian

Dear friend,

What just happened in Iran wasn’t a surprise attack. It wasn’t a last-minute decision. It wasn’t even Israel acting alone.

It was a war plan written years ago — by men in suits, sitting in think tanks in Washington and New York. And yesterday, that plan was finally put into action.

Here’s the truth they don’t want you to know: this war was cooked up long before Trump ever became President — and it was designed to happen exactly this way.

Let’s start with what just happened.

Israel launched a massive, unexpected strike on Iran. They hit nuclear facilities. They killed military generals. They struck deep inside Iranian territory — and now the whole region is on edge, ready to explode into full-blown war.

The media is acting shocked. But I’m not. You shouldn’t be either.

Why?

Because we have the documents. They told us this was coming. Years ago.

Exhibit A: The Brookings Institution.

The Brooking Institution is a fancy name for what’s basically a war-planning factory dressed up as a research centre. Back in 2009, Brookings published a report called Which Path to Persia?

It laid out exactly how to get the U.S. into a war with Iran — without looking like the bad guy.

Here’s the sickest part:

“The United States would encourage — and perhaps even assist — the Israelis in conducting the strikes… in the expectation that both international criticism and Iranian retaliation would be deflected away from the United States and onto Israel.”

Let that sink in.

They literally suggested using Israel to start the war, so America could stand back and say, “Wasn’t us!”

They even titled a chapter of this report: “Leave It to Bibi” — naming Netanyahu as the guy to light the match.

Exhibit B: The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).

The Council on Foreign Relations is an another Deep State operation. Also in 2009, CFR published a “contingency memothat laid out the whole military plan for an Israeli strike on Iran — step by step.

  • What routes the jets would fly (over Jordan and Iraq).

  • What bombs they’d use (the biggest bunker-busters in the U.S. arsenal).

  • Which Iranian sites to hit (Natanz, Arak, Esfahan).

  • And how Iran might respond (missiles, drones, threats to U.S. bases).

It’s like they had a time machine. Because those exact strikes just happened following the routes, likely using the bombs and hitting the sites that the CFR outlined.

Exhibit C: The Plot to Attack Iran by Dan Kovalik.

This one really blows the lid off.

US human rights lawyer and journalist Dan Kovalik, in his book The Plot to Attack Iran: How the CIA and the Deep State Have Conspired to Vilify Iran, shows how the CIA and Israel’s Mossad have been working together for decades — not just watching Iran, but actively sabotaging it. Killing scientists. Running cyberattacks. Feeding lies to the media to make Iran look like it’s always “six months away” from building a nuke.

He even reveals how they discussed false flag attacks — faking an Iranian strike to justify going to war. That’s not a conspiracy theory. That’s documented strategy.

And here’s where President Trump comes in.

Unlike the warmongers who wrote these plans, Trump wasn’t looking to bomb Iran. He wanted to talk. Negotiate. Make a deal — like he did with North Korea.

In fact, peace talks with Iran were just days away.

But someone didn’t want peace. Someone wanted war.

So Israel went in — just like the Brookings script said — and lit the fuse.

Trump didn’t authorise it. He didn’t want it. But they gazumped him. They went around him. And now, the peace he was trying to build has been blown to bits.

This was never about Iran being a threat. It was about keeping the war machine fed.

Think tanks, defence contractors, foreign lobbies — they don’t profit from peace. They thrive on tension. On fear. On war.

And now, thanks to them, the world’s one step closer to the edge.

If you’ve never trusted the mainstream media, you’re right not to.

If you’ve ever suspected there’s a shadowy agenda behind every war, you’re not paranoid.

You’re paying attention.

Because the documents are real. The war was planned. And the bombs are falling — right on schedule.

Pray for Iran’s civilians.

Pray for the Israelis caught in the crossfire.

Pray for a President who still wants peace.

And pray that we wake up before it’s too late.

Because the war has started.

But the truth has just begun to spread.

Until next time, God bless you, your family and nation.

Take care,

George Christensen

Source:

George Christensen is a former Australian politician, a Christian, freedom lover, conservative, blogger, podcaster, journalist and theologian. He has been feted by the Epoch Times as a “champion of human rights” and his writings have been praised by Infowars’ Alex Jones as “excellent and informative”.

George believes Nation First will be an essential part of the ongoing fight for freedom:

The time is now for every proud patriot to step to the fore and fight for our freedom, sovereignty and way of life. Information is a key tool in any battle and the Nation First newsletter will be a valuable tool in the battle for the future of the West.

— George Christensen.

Find more about George at his www.georgechristensen.com.au website.

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The Possible Impact Of USDC On The XRP Ledger And RLUSD
Key Points
  • It seems likely that USDC on the XRP Ledger (XRPL) boosts liquidity, benefiting XRP, though some see it as competition for RLUSD.
  • Research suggests both stablecoins can coexist, enhancing the XRPL ecosystem.
  • The evidence leans toward increased network activity being good for XRP, despite potential competition.

The recent launch of USDC on the XRP Ledger has sparked discussions about its impact on the ecosystem, particularly in relation to RLUSD, Ripple's own stablecoin. This response explores whether this development is more about competition for RLUSD or if it enhances liquidity on the XRPL, ultimately benefiting XRP.
 

Impact on Liquidity and XRP

The introduction of USDC, a major stablecoin with a $61 billion market cap, likely increases liquidity on the XRPL by attracting more users, developers, and institutions. This boost can enhance DeFi applications and enterprise payments, potentially driving demand for XRP, the native token used for transaction fees. While some may view it as competition for RLUSD, the overall effect seems positive for the XRPL's growth.
 

Competition vs. Coexistence with RLUSD

USDC and RLUSD cater to different needs: USDC appeals to those valuing regulatory compliance, while RLUSD, backed by Ripple, may attract users preferring ecosystem integration. Research suggests both can coexist, increasing options and fostering innovation, rather than purely competing.
 

Detailed Analysis of USDC on XRPL and Its Implications

The integration of USDC on the XRP Ledger (XRPL), announced on June 12, 2025, by Circle, has significant implications for the ecosystem, particularly in relation to RLUSD, Ripple's stablecoin launched in 2024. This section provides a comprehensive analysis, exploring whether this development is more about competition for RLUSD or if it enhances liquidity on the XRPL, ultimately benefiting XRP.
 

Understanding RLUSD and Its Role

RLUSD, Ripple's stablecoin, received approval from the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) in 2024 and is designed to be fully backed by cash and cash equivalents, ensuring stability. It is available on both the Ethereum and XRP Ledger blockchains, aiming to enhance liquidity, reduce volatility, and serve cross-border payments. With a current market cap of $413 million, RLUSD is smaller than USDC's $61 billion but has regulatory credibility, particularly appealing to institutions.
 

Impact of USDC on the XRPL

The launch of USDC on the XRPL is a significant development, given its status as the second-largest stablecoin by market cap.
 
Key impacts include:
  • Liquidity Boost: USDC's integration can attract more users, developers, and institutions, increasing overall liquidity. This is crucial for DeFi applications, as Circle's announcement emphasizes its use in liquidity provisioning for token pairs and FX flows.
  • Increased Utility: USDC enhances the XRPL's utility for enterprise payments, financial infrastructure, and DeFi, potentially making it more attractive for global money movement and transparent settlements.
  • Regulatory and Institutional Appeal: As a regulated stablecoin issued by Circle, USDC can bring institutional users to the XRPL, aligning with Ripple's goals for regulated financial activities.
  • Network Growth: Supporting a widely recognized stablecoin like USDC on 22 blockchains, including the XRPL, increases the network's visibility and adoption, potentially driving more activity.

Competition vs. Complementarity with RLUSD

While USDC's launch could be seen as competition for RLUSD, the evidence suggests a more nuanced relationship:
  • Competition: Both are stablecoins on the XRPL, and USDC's larger market presence ($61 billion vs. RLUSD's $413 million) might attract users and developers away from RLUSD. However, competition can drive innovation, such as lower fees or better services, benefiting the ecosystem
  • Complementarity: Different stablecoins cater to different needs. USDC appeals to users valuing regulatory compliance and widespread adoption across multiple blockchains, while RLUSD, backed by Ripple, may attract those preferring ecosystem integration and regulatory approval from NYDFS. The XRPL can benefit from having multiple options, increasing liquidity and fostering a diverse ecosystem.
  • Coexistence Benefits: Research suggests that having multiple stablecoins enhances liquidity and provides users with more choices, potentially leading to higher network activity. For example, institutions might use USDC for global payments and RLUSD for specific XRPL-integrated applications, creating a symbiotic relationships.

Impact on XRP

The introduction of USDC, alongside RLUSD, is likely beneficial for XRP, the native token of the XRPL, for several reasons:
  • Increased Liquidity and Activity: Higher liquidity on the XRPL, driven by both stablecoins, can increase transaction volumes. XRP is used for transaction fees, with some fees burned, potentially reducing supply over time and increasing demand.
  • DeFi and Enterprise Use Cases: Both USDC and RLUSD enhance DeFi and enterprise applications, such as liquidity pools and cross-border payments, which can drive demand for XRP as a settlement token.
  • Network Growth: A more liquid and active XRPL is more attractive to developers and users, potentially leading to long-term growth for XRP, as increased utility can drive its value.
Expert analyses, such as those from u.today and ledgerinsights.com, suggest the launch is a "massive boost" for liquidity and adoption, with RLUSD also playing a significant role.
 

Comparative Analysis: USDC vs. RLUSD

To further illustrate, consider the following table comparing key attributes:
 
Given the evidence, it is more accurate to view the introduction of USDC on the XRPL as beneficial for liquidity, which is ultimately good for XRP, rather than solely as competition for RLUSD. The XRPL benefits from increased options, with both stablecoins enhancing liquidity, utility, and network growth. While some competition exists, the overall impact is positive, fostering a robust ecosystem that can drive demand for XRP. This conclusion aligns with expert analyses and community discussions, acknowledging the complexity of the stablecoin market within the XRPL.
 

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