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Improving Liveness and Reliability in the Interchain Stack
thedinarian
October 11, 2024
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Liveness is a crucial concept in the Interchain Stack and distributed systems in general as it affects operational reliability, scalability, and performance. Liveness enables all nodes to communicate effectively and consistently, reducing downtime, detecting failures, and improving overall system performance. Due to the importance of liveness, developers working with the Interchain Stack often make assumptions about its liveness guarantees. However, due to the inherent challenges of decentralized blockchain development, the stack components do not provide distributed performance guarantees today. Let’s explore these challenges, the concepts of liveness and safety in the Interchain Stack, and any liveness misconceptions for the benefit of builders and the sustainable growth of the ecosystem.

Safety Over Liveness — A Core Design Principle

Liveness in the Interchain Stack — comprising Cosmos SDK, CometBFT, CosmWasm, CosmJS, and IBC — is the property that enables the system’s continuous operation and availability, ensuring all nodes can communicate with each other effectively and consistently. While liveness is important in distributed systems where various nodes work together to maintain the integrity and functionality of the network, the concept of safety over liveness remains a core design principle of the Interchain Stack and most Layer One blockchain technologies in use today.

The Interchain Stack’s robust architecture and performant track record can lead to misconceptions about liveness and the distributed performance guarantees the Stack provides. This can result in potentially unreliable and unsafe applications. Prioritizing safety over liveness is essential for the overall health and security of the Interchain Stack, enabling it to provide a reliable and scalable foundation for building innovative blockchain applications and securing billions of dollars of digital assets.

Challenges with Liveness and the Interchain Stack

Decentralization relies on multiple parties to perform compute, transmission, and storage of chain data while reaching a unified consensus to produce blocks. This introduces unknown environmental and runtime factors over which the Stack has no control, making it challenging to provide performance guarantees at the protocol level. Given the complexities of building distributed systems, promising such liveness guarantees would be irresponsible and the stack has never made such claims.

When working with the Interchain Stack, developers must not make liveness assumptions and should design their applications accordingly, specifically:

  • Developers should not assume consistent block throughput or timely events. Variability and potential delays of unknown frequency and duration may occur. This should be accounted for during application design.
  • Developers should not rely on a chain’s past performance to remain at the same level in the future. They should account for possible changes when designing their systems to ensure stability and reliability.
  • Development teams should implement mechanisms that manage timeouts, delays, and retries to guarantee applications remain functional under varying network conditions.
  • They should consider resource constraints and optimize the use of compute resources, storage, and bandwidth during implementation. This will help create more efficient and reliable applications.

Strategies to Mitigate Liveness Issues

As the interchain evolves and more use cases and needs emerge, the Interchain Stack steward teams are examining strategies to mitigate liveness issues at the protocol level and exploring opportunities to enhance the system’s components to optimize performance. Here are some examples below:

CometBFT

CometBFT, the consensus engine designed for the interchain and beyond, provides several strategies to address liveness issues caused by spam or traffic surges. These mitigations help maintain network performance and block production times. One such strategy involves reducing the default BlockParams.MaxBytes from 21 MB to 4 MB, limiting block sizes and reducing the impact of spammy transactions.

CometBFT also incorporates several other measures to enhance its resilience and predictability in the face of transaction surges and improve the reliability of CometBFT-based networks. These include:

  • Adjusting timeout parameters for proposing larger blocks
  • Maintaining consistent node configurations across the network
  • Avoiding large mempools that can negatively impact performance
  • Delegating mempool responsibility to the application layer through an optional “nop” feature
  • Implementing a backpressure mechanism to manage transaction flow
  • Supporting async mempool updates from block.Commit

Future Improvements in CometBFT

The CometBFT team is working on further improvements to mitigate liveness issues caused by spam surges and overloaded mempools. One of these improvements introduces Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for the mempool protocol. This design aims to prevent the pressure from spreading to other components within CometBFT by adding mechanisms that allow nodes to drop some transactions in certain circumstances. The QoS approach is known as “mempool lanes,” where transactions with higher priority will have stronger guarantees and better predictability in terms of propagation and inclusion in a block.

Another important feature is the Dynamic Optimal Graph (DOG) gossip protocol for the mempool, which is designed to improve transaction dissemination efficiency and reduce duplicate transactions. This algorithm extends the base FLOOD protocol by eliminating cycles in transaction dissemination, resulting in reduced bandwidth usage and better performance under high-traffic conditions. The CometBFT team has observed a 75% reduction in transaction dissemination bandwidth in initial testing.

Both the above features will be incorporated in v1 and may be backported to v0.37 and v0.38. Developers using older versions of CometBFT should plan their transition to v0.38 and then to v1, as the upgrade process can be difficult. The team is available for support and to contribute to network upgrades and spam issue mitigation, and can be reached on their Telegram and Discord. Additional resources can be found at the end of this post.

Hermes IBC Relayer

Hermes, an open-source relayer built in Rust, is a key component in ensuring liveness within the interchain ecosystem by relaying IBC datagrams between chains. This relayer scans chain states, builds transactions, and submits them to the involved chains, enabling smooth communication across the network.

To mitigate liveness issues, Hermes incorporates several strategies to manage network traffic and avoid overloading. For instance, it sets maximum size limits for the memo and receiver fields in ICS20 packets, rejecting packets that exceed the configured sizes, with defaults of 32KiB for memos and 2KiB for receivers. Additionally, Hermes allows operators to specify packet sequences that should not be cleared, preventing the relayer from processing problematic transactions and improving efficiency. Furthermore, Hermes provides options for selectively clearing packets via a command-line interface (CLI), giving operators more control over transaction flow.

These measures, along with robust logging and debugging, enhance Hermes’ ability to maintain reliable IBC communications and support the scalability of the Interchain Stack.

CosmJS

CosmJS, a client-side library for interacting with the blockchain, contributes indirectly to maintaining liveness in the ecosystem through its integration with other tools like Chain Registry and Cosmos Kit. These tools are crucial in ensuring live nodes are always available for interactions.

The Chain Registry maintains an up-to-date list of public endpoints for various blockchain nodes, providing redundancy if one node goes down. Similarly, Cosmos Kit leverages this registry to cycle through different RPC endpoints if a node failure occurs. This ensures that applications built with CosmJS can continue functioning even if a node fails by automatically finding and connecting to another live node.

While CosmJS does not directly address backend liveness guarantees, it plays an essential role in the broader context by ensuring robust client-side interactions. Good error handling practices in CosmJS can mitigate the impact of liveness issues, such as implementing retry mechanisms and user-friendly error messages to improve the overall user experience. By maintaining a smooth and reliable client-side interface, CosmJS indirectly supports the liveness and usability of applications built with the Interchain Stack.

 

Final Thoughts

To maintain liveness guarantees and support the sustainable growth of the ecosystem, developers must understand the challenges of distributed systems and design their applications accordingly, working together, and following the recommendations specified above. The Interchain Stack steward teams continue to explore opportunities to enhance system components, mitigate liveness issues, and optimize performance — and they need your help.

Community feedback can shape the development of the Interchain Stack and contribute to building a more reliable and scalable foundation for life-changing software and a brighter future for the humans who use it. Join our Discord channel and follow us on X to stay updated on the latest developments, ask questions, and share your thoughts with the community. Let’s craft the future of the interchain together.

 

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Why Invest In XRP?

Because Ripple Is EVERYWHERE!

This is on Wall Street... NY

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thedinarian@thedinarian
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👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading

Custom AI assistants that print money in your sleep? 🔜

The future of Crypto x AI is about to go crazy.

👉 Here’s what you need to know:

💠 'Based Agent' enables creation of custom AI agents
💠 Users set up personalized agents in < 3 minutes
💠 Equipped w/ crypto wallet and on-chain functions
💠 Capable of completing trades, swaps, and staking
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👉 What this means for the future of Crypto:

1. Open Access: Democratized access to advanced trading
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🚨 I personally wouldn't bet against Brian Armstrong and Jesse Pollak.

👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading
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thedinarian@thedinarian
1 hour ago

Big news: @Nasdaq Chair and Chief Executive Officer, @adenatfriedman, is joining us in NYC as a keynote speaker at Ripple Swell 2025.🚨

She’ll explore:

⭐️ The future of the financial system
⭐️ The potential of digital assets and blockchain
⭐️ The evolving role of tokenization and emerging technologies

Don’t miss it!

https://x.com/Ripple/status/1950640088469176761

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thedinarian@thedinarian
1 hour ago

Trump Administration = Favorable for UTILITY DRIVEN CRYPTO INITIATIVES.✅

XRP = A functional Utility Cryptocurrency ✅

Clear?😶‍🌫️

OP Smqkedqg

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thedinarian@thedinarian
1 hour ago

There will be a LOT of spam, scam, uncertainty and crime surrounding the Midnight airdrop (@midnightfdn).

There is currently no action required.

While @XamanWallet is self custodial and technically no one needs us to participate, we will digest information about the airdrop as it becomes available, and make sure to make it as easy as possible for
@XamanWallet users to participate in the airdrop.

We will communicate about this in-app, through an xApp to prevent confusion and scammers taking advantage of the uncertainty on social media.

When users can take action to participate, we will inform our users though in-app communication.

Trust NO SOCIAL MEDIA.
Trust NO WEBSITE.
Trust NO DM-MESSAGES.
Trust NO (potentially fake) XRPL Labs / Xaman staff on social.

Trust only our in app support xApp, and the in app Midnight Airdrop information we will communicate once more information is made available by the Midnight/Glacier/... team.

https://x.com/WietseWind/status/1950548314392326354

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thedinarian@thedinarian
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That honor goes to the startup Astronomer, whose CEO’s cheating scandal broke the web in a glorious meme-fueled media frenzy. The company’s damage control? Hiring Gwyneth Paltrow as a “temporary spokesperson.” Do we think they’re grasping at straws or setting a new standard for PR?

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A few things that are also worth noting: Winklevoss vs. JPMorgan, Visa’s take on stablecoins, and Robinhood’s Euro drama that defies the chillness of eurosummer.

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— The Epicenter, powered by Pyth Network

 

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thedinarian@thedinarian
July 27, 2025
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4 Fintech Companies 💸& Things To Know About 🤔

The fintech revolution is reshaping the way we manage, invest, and move money, breaking down traditional barriers and empowering individuals worldwide. As financial technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, a select group of innovative companies are leading the charge by offering groundbreaking solutions that redefine banking, payments, and digital assets. Whether you’re a savvy investor, an industry professional, or simply curious about the future of finance, discovering these trailblazing fintech companies is essential to understanding today’s dynamic financial landscape.

 

  1.  Alina Invest - The AI Wealth Manager for GenZ Women

Alina is aimed at women under 25 who identify as beginner investors. They're an SEC-registered investment advisor that charges $120/year for membership. The service "buys and sells for you" and gives up notification updates of recent transactions like a wealth manager would.

👉 Getting people to invest early is crucial to building long-term wealth. One thing that holds them back is a lack of confidence and experience. Being targetted "for beginners" and people who live on TikTok should appeal. I love the sense of "we're buying and selling for you." Funds always do that, but making it an engagement mechanic is very smart. The risk here is that building a wealth business will take decades for the AUM to compound. But the next generations, Wealthfront or Betterment, will look something like Alina.

2. Blue layer - The Carbon project funding platform

Bluelayer allows Carbon project developers to take from feasibility studies to issuing credits, tracking inventory, and managing orders. Developers of reforestation, conservation, direct air capture, and other projects can also directly report to industry registries. 

👉 Carbon investing and tax credits are heavily incentivized but need transparent data. By focusing on the developers, Bluelayer can ensure the data, reporting, and credits lifecycle is all managed at the source. This is smart.

3. Akirolabs - Modern Procurement for enterprise

Akiro is a "strategic" procurement platform aiming to help enterprise customers identify risks, value drivers, and strategic levers before issuing an RFP. It aims to bring in multiple stakeholders for complex purchasing decisions at multinationals. 

👉 Procurement is a great wedge for multinational corporate transformation. Buying anything in an enterprise that uses large-scale ERPs is a nightmare of committees and spreadsheets. Turning an oil tanker-sized organization around is difficult, but the right suppliers can have a meaningful impact in the short term. That only works if you can buy from them. Getting people on the same page with a single platform is a great start.

4. NeoTax - Automated Tax R&D Credits

NeoTax allows companies to connect their engineering tools to calculate available tax advantages automatically. Once calculated, the tax fillings are clearly labeled with supporting evidence for the IRS.

👉 AWS and GCP log files and data are a goldmine. Last week, I covered Bilanc, which uses log files to figure out per-account unit economics. Now, we calculate R&D tax credits. The unlock here is LLM's ability to understand unstructured data. The hard part is understanding the moat, but time will tell.

In an era where technology and finance are increasingly intertwined, these four fintech companies stand out as catalysts for positive change. By driving progress in digital payments, asset management, lending, and decentralized finance, they are not only making financial services more accessible and efficient—they are also paving the way for a more inclusive and empowered global economy. Staying informed about their innovations can help you seize new opportunities and take part in the future of finance.

 

👀Things to know 👀

 

PayPal issued low guidance and warned of a “transition year.” The stock is down 8% in extended trading despite PayPal reporting a 9% growth in revenue and 23% EBITDA. Gross profit is down 4% YoY. PayPal's total revenues were $29Bn for the year

Adyen reported 22% revenue growth and an EBITDA margin of 46% for the full year. Adyen's total revenues were $1.75bn for the full year. The margin was down from 55% the previous year, impacted by hiring ahead of growth.

🤔 PayPal’s Braintree (unbranded) is losing market share in the US, while Adyen is winning it. eCommerce is growing ~9 to 10% YoY, and PayPal’s transaction revenue grew by 6.7%. The higher interest rate environment meant interest on balances dragged up the total revenue figure. Their core business is losing market share. Adyen is outgrowing the market by ~12%.

🤔 The PayPal button (branded) is losing to SHOP Pay and Apple Pay. The branded experience from Apple and Shopify is delightful for users; it’s fast and helps with small details like delivery tracking. That experience translates to higher conversion (and more revenue) for merchants.

🤔 The lack of a single global platform hurts PayPal, but it helps Adyen. In the earnings call, the new CEO admitted their mix of platforms like Venmo, PayPal, and Braintree are holding them back. They aim to combine and simplify, but that’s easier said than done.

🤔 Making a single platform from PayPal, Venmo, and Braintree won’t be easy. There’s a graveyard of payment company CEOs who tried to make “one platform” from things they acquired years ago. It’s crucial if they’re going to grow that they get their innovation edge back. Adyen has one platform in every market.

🤔 PayPal’s UK and European acquiring business is a bright spot. The UK and EU delivered 20% of overall revenue, growing 11% YoY. Square and Toast don’t have market share here, while iZettle, which PayPal acquired in 2018, is a strong market player. Overall though, it’s yet another tech stack and business that’s not part of a single global platform.

The two banks provided accounts to UK front companies secretly owned by an Iranian petrochemicals company. PCC has used these entities to receive funds from Iranian entities in China, concealed with trustee agreements and nominee directors. 

🤔 This is the headline every bank CEO fears. Oof. Shares of both banks have been down since the news broke, but this will no doubt involve crisis calls, committees, appearing in front of the regulator, and, finally, some sort of fine.

🤔 The "risk-based approach" has been arbitraged. A UK company with relatively low annual revenue would look "low risk" at onboarding. One business the FT covered looked like a small company at a residential address to compliance staff. They'd likely apply branch-level controls instead of the enterprise-grade controls you'd see for a large corporation. 

🤔 Hiring more staff won't fix this problem; it's a mindset and technology challenge. In theory, all of the skill and technology that exists to manage risks with large corporate customers (in the transaction banking divisions) are available to the other parts of a bank. In practice, they're not. Most banks lack a single data set and the ability for compliance officers in one team to see data from another part of the org. Getting the basics right with data and tooling is incredibly hard and will involve a multi-year effort. 

🤔 These things are rarely the failure of an individual or department; the issue is systemic. While two banks are named in this headline, the issue is everywhere. Banks need more data and better data to train better AI and machine learning. That all needs to happen in real-time as a compliment to the human staff. Throwing bodies at this won't solve the visibility issue teams have.

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thedinarian@thedinarian
July 27, 2025
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What is XAH and Xahau?

If you're new to XRP, you may have noticed some of us discussing another network named 'Xahau'.

It's Like XRP ... But Different

The Xahau network was created in 2023, and its starting point was the open-source code for the XRP Ledger. A small team of researchers and entrepreneurs decided to add smart contracts to the network code.


The XRP Ledger has no smart contract capabilities, by default.

To integrate smart contracts, the team decided to use an architecture that includes 'WASM' or 'web assembly' code. Each account can have up to 10 'hooks' installed that are triggered for transactions that match specific criteria. They can run before or after a transaction is processed. This enables a variety of use cases that do not involve the need to change the network's core code.

Hooks

A 'hook' is what is known as a smart contract that can be triggered in relation to a specific account and its transactions.

The term arises from the programming world, where it generally means "code that runs based on triggering conditions." In Xahau's case, it indicates code that is run before, or after, a transaction is processed.
 
Each hook must be installed on a specific account by the party that controls the account - i.e., the secret key holder.
 
What Can XAH Do That XRP Cannot?
 
The primary benefit from the use of hooks, is that the core network code does not need to be changed every time a new use case is identified. This means that additional use cases can be addressed immediately, with no requirement for intervening steps, such as:
  • Community review
  • Community approval
  • Amendment voting
All of those steps are eliminated with the use of hooks; new use cases can be addressed as fast as the code can be developed.
 
To read more about how hooks enables Xahau to handle more use cases than even the XRPL, you can read this article:
 
Key Differences From XRP
 
Other unique differences from the XRP Ledger include:
  • Much smaller supply ~612 million coins vs. 100 billion coins
  • XAH hodlers are rewarded at 4% of their account balance. There are no rewards for XRP.
  • Governance participants are incentivized
  • Payment channels available for user-created tokens (IOUs)
  • URI tokens instead of NFT tokens
Who's Who of Xahau?
 
The list of those that are either founders, or closely associated with the founding organizations, is extensive. Here are the names of three organizations mentioned in the whitepaper, or their current moniker:
  • Xaman (a.k.a. XRPL Labs)
  • Gatehub
  • InFTF (Inclusive Financial Technology Foundation)
There exists a long list of impressive developers, architects, and technologists among the Xahau inner circle. But the three names that people associate most prominently with the leadership of the Xahau network are Wietse Wind, Richard Holland, and Denis Angell. The links to their 'X' accounts are:
 
Friend Or Foe?
 
This topic is one of the most contentious.
 
While Ripple, the company with the largest stake of XRP, showed interest in hooks early on, they ultimately decided to advocate for a different approach; the use of an EVM-based solution (Ethereum Virtual Machine) to handle smart contracts on the XRP Ledger. This decision was met with consternation by the Xaman team that had worked with them for several years to advocate for the use of hooks.
 
You can read more about the 'business politics' part of this topic here:
 
So how do Xahau fans view the relationship between XRP and XAH?
 
The Xahau team - and many of its community members - advocate for the use of a 'dual-chain' solution to implement smart contracts. This can be accomplished by the use of 'listener' software, along with native Xahau hooks.
 
A proof of concept, developed by Denis Angell, has demonstrated that bi-lateral communication can work with a simple approach.
 
From an economic standpoint, every chain that has its own digital asset is a competitor; but the simple way to think about Xahau, is that a 'bunch of XRP geeks' decided to implement smart contracts on their own version of the XRP Ledger.
 
The team emphasized transparency along the way, and initially received support from the primary XRP stakeholder, Ripple. They published Xahau as open-source code that could, in theory, be back-engineered and integrated with the XRP Ledger. You can clearly observe the team's idealistic mindset in early marketing mistakes, where they named their digital asset 'XRP Plus' in an effort to emphasize the way that they viewed their creation. While this resulted in confusion - and even suspicion - in its early days, the team quickly pivoted, and named their digital asset 'XAH', which became its ticker symbol.
 
Synergy effects between the two camps speak to a genuine camaraderie, with many Xahau developers being open and willing to help with changes to the core XRP Ledger protocol. You can find many examples of this open dialogue on the 'X' platform.
 
How To Purchase XAH
 
If you wish to speculate by buying XAH directly, it is available in a variety of convenient locations, depending on where you are located. If you're in a country that is supported by Bitrue, you can directly purchase or trade XAH by using that exchange.
 
On January 20th, 2025, Bitmart announced that it supports trading of XAH for customers in their list of supported countries; And in late March, another major exchange announced that they would be supporting XAH trading pairs: Coinex.
 
If you're located in the United States, you can purchase XAH directly from a vendor known as 'C14'. The xApp for C14 is located in the Xaman wallet.
 
XRP Ledger geeks can also purchase XAH IOUs on the XRPL Dex and then convert them to 'real' XAH using a Gatehub bridge. This is available in countries that Gatehub supports.
 
Which XAH Accounts Should I Follow?
 
On the 'X' platform, there exists two major community groups for XAH fans:
In addition to the Xahau notables I've already mentioned in this article, my advice is to take a look at who is posting in the above two communities. There are many impressive leaders and entrepreneurs included. You should be able to find multiple 'X' accounts that reflect your interests.
 
Xahau Development Roadmap
 
Xahau leaders have published a roadmap for 2025 that lists their various goals for the ecosystem:
 
To read a detailed explanation for each item, refer to this: Xahau Roadmap Super Thread
 
One of the most incredible waypoints listed is 'JavaScript Hooks Implementation.' 🤯
JavaScript!
 
With the 'JavaScript Hooks Implementation', Xahau is making history; it will enable anybody that knows JavaScript to easily create and install a smart contract. While networks like Ethereum are impressive early movers, they require developers to learn a new language and syntax.
 
Xahau will soon open 'crypto smart contracts' to a group of developers that number in the tens of millions.
 
Project L-10K
 
Project L-10K is one of the most important items in the pipeline. L-10K refers to the effort to boost the throughput of Xahau consensus to over 10,000 transactions per ledger! This will benefit hosted projects such as Evernode, and future issued assets. Heading up the effort is Richard Holland, who provided a progress update to the community in late May of 2025:
 
To learn more about this ambitious effort, you can watch his full presentation here:
The Future Of Defi And Payments
 
Once you've seen the extensive list of use cases that XAH easily handles, it's truly inspiring. Xahau is everything that you love about XRP, plus a long list of more things to love. ❤️
 
Be an early adopter of XAH and the Xahau network! Join the community groups listed and follow the accounts that seem to reflect your own interest - speculator, developer, or crypto fan. You have a place in our community, no matter what your background or interests are. Welcome to the future of crypto Defi and Payments. 
 
Sources:
 
 
NOTE: Payment channels for IOUs is currently in amendment status for the XRP Ledger, authored by Denis Angel here:
 
 

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If you find value in my content, consider showing your support via:

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