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? The Dinarian on Locals brings you the latest in news, interviews, in-depth conversations, and stories from across the blockchain and global communities—within and beyond cryptocurrency ?. Experts delve into how blockchain technology is reshaping industries, enhancing business networks ?, transforming transaction workflows, and advancing distributed ledger systems ??. We also explore intriguing topics that may venture into the realm of conspiracies—and so much more!
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Crypto and Blockchain: What are L1 vs L2 Scaling Solutions?

The crypto industry, similar to several other industries has its own set of shortcomings. However, most of these issues come with solutions as well. For instance, scalability has been a common issue for several blockchains. The difficulty in accommodating the increasing number of transactions and data on a blockchain has been put forth by an array of networks. This is where Layer-1 [L1] and Layer-2 [L2] solutions come in.

So what is Layer-1 [LI]?

Layer-1 usually refers to a blockchain or the base level of the blockchain. Bitcoin [BTC], Ethereum [ETH], and Litecoin [LTC] are all examples of a layer-1 blockchain. The solutions associated with it are usually implemented in the original blockchain itself. This would include changing the mechanisms or rules in order to spruce up the transaction capacity. Accommodation of more users, as well as data, follows suit in L1 scaling solutions.

Prominent L1 scaling solutions include changing up the consensus protocol. Crypto assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum currently employ the Proof-of-Work [PoW] consensus mechanism. While this is touted as one of the most secure algorithms, it can sometimes slow down. In addition to this, it is widely disregarded for its energy consumption. As a result, networks shift to Proof-of-Stake [PoS] consensus mechanism.

Ethereum for instance is inching closer to transitioning into PoS. The process eliminates the need for miners and brings in validators into the blockchain to validate new blocks of transactions.

The other solution is sharding. This term is quite popular among the Ethereum community. The crypto network has been tackling a lot of scalability issues. Ethereum 2.0 has been working on the same with Tezos, Qtum as well as Zilliqa.

Despite its relatively experimental status within the blockchain industry, sharding is a method borrowed from distributed databases that have grown to be one of the most well-liked Layer-1 scaling options. In order to make monitoring the whole network more feasible, sharding involves dividing the state of the entire blockchain network into separate databases known as “shards.” Following this, shards are processed by the network in order to pave the way for multiple other transactions.

Layer-2 [L2] Scaling Solutions

Layer-2 solutions unlike L1 operate on an already existing blockchain. Here, the L2 is involved to lessen the burden on a single blockchain by involving a similar architecture. The original blockchain basically, relies on secondary networks that work in parallel to the main chain. Bitcoin’s Lightning Network is a prominent example of an L2.

Layer-2 scalability solutions range from state channels, sidechains, and nested blockchains.

Sidechains are separate networks that are adjacent to transactional chains with their own validators. This indicates that the main chain’s bridge smart contract does not independently confirm the legitimacy of the sidechain network. As a result, since the sidechain has the ability to manage assets on the main chain, you must have faith that it is running well. It should also be noted that the main chain remains unfazed despite any security breaches on the sidechain.

Nested blockchains are quite different as they work from within the main chain as opposed to on top of it. The nested blockchain architecture generally consists of a core blockchain that establishes the rules for a larger network, with executions taking place on an interconnected web of subordinate chains. The main chain can serve as the foundation for several blockchain tiers, each leveraging a parent-child link. The parent chain assigns tasks to the child chains, that complete them and then passes them back to the parent. Unless it becomes essential to resolve a disagreement, the underlying base blockchain does not participate in the network operations of subsidiary chains.

The next one is state channels. It should be noted that this creates a two-way communication backdrop for the transacting entities. This usually involves blockchain and off-chain transactional channels. The crypto network’s transaction speed, as well as capacity, receives a bump in this case.

A state channel is not subject to Layer-1 network node validation. Conversely, it is a resource that is close to the network that is locked down using a multi-signature or smart contract method. A state channel’s ultimate “state” and any associated transitions are posted to the underlying blockchain after a transaction or batch of transactions is concluded.

Bitcoin Lightning Network is a primary example of a state channel.

Over the last couple of years, the crypto industry has witnessed impeccable growth. The increased amount investors diving into the industry has forced networks to employ L1 and L2 solutions in order to accommodate them. The chances of more solutions hitting the markets were high as the masses continue exploring the crypto-verse.

https://watcher.guru/news/crypto-and-blockchain-what-are-l1-vs-l2-scaling-solutions

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Stargate: Establishing the Physical Foundations of the AI Revolution 🛰️🌎

The Stargate initiative represents the most substantial investment in artificial intelligence infrastructure to date, as it begins to materialize on a global scale. While many perceive AI as an ethereal technology—simply accessed via applications like ChatGPT 🤖—each digital interaction is, in fact, powered by extensive physical resources: vast data centers 🏢, thousands of cutting-edge GPUs 💾, sophisticated cooling systems 💧, dedicated power grids ⚡, and essential water pipelines 🚰. AI does not reside on personal devices; it is anchored on Earth and demands significant resources.

As artificial intelligence continues to advance, its infrastructure needs only intensify. Regardless of improvements in model efficiency, the explosive growth in usage—billions of queries, ongoing model training, and worldwide deployment—necessitates ever-greater computing power, land, electricity, and semiconductors. This expansion is not plateauing; it is accelerating 📈.

Stargate stands ...

00:01:55
🚨 A Senior UAE Official Has Forecasted...👀

🇦🇪 The United Arab Emirates has taken a decisive step that the United States has been reluctant to pursue.

👉 “Within the next two years, cryptocurrency will be used more frequently than traditional currencies like the dollar or dirham, even for everyday purchases such as coffee and groceries.” 🏦☕🛒

It is worth noting which cryptocurrencies offer transaction fees that are virtually negligible. 😏

The official further stated: “Mark my words, I believe in actions, not just words.”

00:01:00
The Digital Euro 🇪🇺 Is Ready 💶🌍 Via XRP &XLM

The legislative process is complete, and the Digital Euro 🇪🇺 is ready for real time use and October 2025 is the big roll out.

Around this time Europe will also be releasing their
•Request2pay
• SEPA credit transfer rulebook
•PSD3 instant payments
•Verification of payee
•TIPS multi-currency phase 1

The Digital Euro will be minted on #XRPL and #Stellar

OP: MRMANXRP

00:00:27
👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading

Custom AI assistants that print money in your sleep? 🔜

The future of Crypto x AI is about to go crazy.

👉 Here’s what you need to know:

💠 'Based Agent' enables creation of custom AI agents
💠 Users set up personalized agents in < 3 minutes
💠 Equipped w/ crypto wallet and on-chain functions
💠 Capable of completing trades, swaps, and staking
💠 Integrates with Coinbase’s SDK, OpenAI, & Replit

👉 What this means for the future of Crypto:

1. Open Access: Democratized access to advanced trading
2. Automated Txns: Complex trades + streamlined on-chain activity
3. AI Dominance: Est ~80% of crypto 👉txns done by AI agents by 2025

🚨 I personally wouldn't bet against Brian Armstrong and Jesse Pollak.

👉 Coinbase just launched an AI agent for Crypto Trading
Veritaseum Hodlers, Are You Ready For Chaos? 🚀 👩‍🚀

What would happen if Veritaseum was "Resurrected" from the Land of Dead Cryptos? Would Clif High's prediction of Veri trading 1 to 1 with Bitcoin actually come TRUE?! We may just find out SOONER than you think!!

$Velos New Payfi Litepaper 📝

As the market evolves, so do we. Our new PayFi Litepaper reflects our commitment to adapt fast, stay ahead, and win.

Dive into our latest vision and strategy for what’s next.

https://x.com/veloprotocol/status/1917550676860887446

Reggie Middleton vs The SEC

The Motion to Vacate the SEC case against @ReggieMiddleton was filed on Friday May 30th, 2025 and contains NEW EVIDENCE clearly illustrating the alleged Fraud Upon the Court by SEC attorney Jorge Tenreiro.

It’s Reggie’s time to shine and this is going to be Epic!

Watch for a Video and further X posts breaking down this New Evidence.

https://x.com/SovereignRiz/status/1928836032964804760

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Stellar's Ecosystem Surges Forward: Smart Contracts, Lightning Speed, and Real-World Impact in 2025

The Stellar blockchain ecosystem is experiencing remarkable momentum in 2025, with groundbreaking technical achievements and expanding real-world adoption that position it as a major player in the decentralized finance landscape. From lightning-fast transaction speeds to innovative smart contract capabilities, Stellar is demonstrating that blockchain technology can deliver both performance and practical utility.

Technical Breakthroughs Drive Performance

The Stellar Development Foundation's Q1 2025 quarterly report reveals impressive technical milestones that showcase the network's maturation. The platform now processes an astounding 5,000 transactions per second with remarkably fast 2.5-second block times, putting it among the fastest blockchain networks in operation today.

This performance leap isn't just about raw numbers—it represents Stellar's commitment to creating infrastructure that can handle real-world demand. Whether it's cross-border payments, asset tokenization, or decentralized applications, the network's enhanced capabilities provide the foundation for scalable blockchain solutions.

Smart Contracts Get Smarter with Soroban

One of the most significant developments has been the launch and continued evolution of Soroban, Stellar's smart contract platform. The introduction of Contract Copilot represents a major advancement in developer experience, enabling faster and safer smart contract development through enhanced tooling and guidance.

This focus on developer experience is crucial for ecosystem growth. By lowering barriers to entry and improving the development process, Stellar is positioning itself to attract innovative projects and talented developers who might otherwise choose competing platforms.

New Token Standards Meet Market Needs

The Stellar Development Foundation has introduced new token standards developed specifically based on feedback from developers and institutional users. This responsive approach to platform development demonstrates Stellar's commitment to building technology that meets actual market needs rather than theoretical requirements.

These standards are particularly important as institutional adoption continues to grow, with organizations requiring robust, compliant, and flexible token frameworks for their blockchain initiatives.

Global USDC Integration Expands Utility

The integration of USDC across Stellar's global network represents a significant milestone for practical cryptocurrency adoption. Stablecoins like USDC provide the price stability necessary for everyday transactions and business operations, making them crucial for blockchain platforms seeking real-world utility.

This integration is particularly impactful in emerging markets, where access to stable digital currencies can provide financial services to underbanked populations and facilitate more efficient cross-border transactions.

Industry Events Build Community Momentum

The Stellar ecosystem's growing influence is evident in its presence at major industry events. The foundation's participation as a sponsor at Consensus 2025 in Toronto and Digital Assets Week in New York demonstrates its commitment to engaging with builders, investors, and institutional leaders across the blockchain space.

These events serve as crucial networking opportunities and platforms for showcasing innovative projects within the Stellar ecosystem. Recent Meridian events have highlighted creative projects like Skyhitz and HoneyCoin, illustrating the collaborative spirit and diverse applications being built on the platform.

Real-World Impact in Emerging Markets

Perhaps most importantly, Stellar's growth isn't just about technical metrics—it's about real-world impact. The platform's focus on emerging markets addresses genuine financial inclusion challenges, providing efficient payment rails and access to digital financial services where traditional banking infrastructure may be limited.

This practical approach to blockchain implementation sets Stellar apart from projects that focus primarily on speculative trading or theoretical use cases. By solving actual problems for real users, Stellar is building sustainable demand for its technology.

Looking Ahead: Enterprise-Grade Infrastructure

Stellar positions itself as offering enterprise-grade asset tokenization alongside its DeFi capabilities and payment infrastructure. This comprehensive approach makes it attractive to institutions looking for a single platform that can handle multiple blockchain use cases.

The combination of fast transactions, low costs, smart contract capabilities, and regulatory-conscious development creates a compelling value proposition for enterprises considering blockchain adoption.

The Road Forward

As 2025 progresses, Stellar's ecosystem appears well-positioned for continued growth. The technical infrastructure improvements, developer-focused enhancements, and real-world adoption initiatives create a strong foundation for expanding use cases and user adoption.

The blockchain industry has seen many projects promise revolutionary capabilities, but Stellar's focus on delivering measurable performance improvements and practical solutions suggests a mature approach to blockchain development. With transaction speeds that rival traditional payment systems and growing institutional adoption, Stellar is demonstrating that blockchain technology can move beyond experimental phases into mainstream utility.

For developers, institutions, and users looking for blockchain solutions that prioritize both performance and practical applicability, Stellar's 2025 developments represent significant progress toward a more accessible and useful decentralized financial ecosystem.

Source: The Dinarian ⚡ Claude AI

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Soroban Security Audit Bank: Raising the Standard for Smart Contract Security

The Stellar Development Foundation (SDF) is deeply committed to helping ensure that the highest security standards are available for projects building on the Stellar network. Last year SDF launched the Soroban Security Audit Bank, an initiative to provide projects access to auditing experts and tooling that are proven to help prevent hacks by catching potential bugs, inefficiencies, and security flaws before contracts go live. Through the Soroban Security Audit Bank, we’re empowering teams building on Soroban with comprehensive security audits from leading audit firms, enhanced readiness support, and robust tooling, significantly elevating the ecosystem’s safety and efficiency.

Since launch, the Soroban Security Audit Bank has successfully conducted over 40 essential audits, deploying over $3 million to support security of the smart contracts on Stellar. Check it out!

 

Ecosystem Success Stories: How the Soroban Audit Bank Drives Security Forward

By making automated formal verification available to developers, in addition to allocating significant budget for securing many of the top DeFi protocols built on top of Stellar, SDF has established a new security standard in the Web3 ecosystem. Mooly Sagiv, Co-Founder of Certora
SDF has been a strong partner as we’ve worked with teams across the Stellar ecosystem. SDF’s Audit Bank initiative allows for a smooth and streamlined review process, and is a clear reflection of the Stellar ecosystem’s enhanced commitment to security. Robert Chen, CEO of OtterSec
 

Leading projects within the Soroban ecosystem have highlighted the impact of the Audit Bank

Finding a good auditor is difficult, expensive, and high-stakes. The Audit Bank streamlines the process and supports ecosystem projects with security review at critical growth milestones. Markus Paulson, Co-Founder of Script3
The audit firms we worked with deeply understood the full ecosystem and the underlying protocols used. Their expertise and the tools from the Audit Bank strengthened our security and supported user and investor trust. Esteban Iglesias Manríquez, Co-Founder of Palta.Labs

What's New in 2025: Enhanced Audit Support for Soroban Builders

Teams building financial protocols, high-dependency data services, high-traction dApps funded by the Stellar Community Fund are able to request an audit and will typically be matched with a reputable audit firm within two weeks. We recently restructured the program for this year to enhance audit efficiency and incentivize accountability, and rapid and complete vulnerability remediation:

  • Complimentary Initial Audit: Projects will need to contribute 5% of the audit cost upfront, but this co-payment amount is eligible for a full refund, provided that critical, high, and medium vulnerabilities identified are swiftly remediated within 20 business days of receiving the initial audit report (learn more).
  • Incentivized Security at Key Traction Milestones: Complimentary, extensive follow-up audits are available as projects achieve critical traction milestones (e.g., $10M and $100M TVL). These audits include deeper assessments such as formal verification or competitive audits, significantly boosting project security at pivotal stages.
  • Advanced Security Tooling: Projects can enhance their security self-serve through complimentary or discounted access to specialized tooling, which provide vulnerability detection and formal verification capabilities (see full list of available tooling). These tools are encouraged to capture ‘easy-to-spot’ issues prior to audit as well as a final check post-audit to increase the effectiveness and thoroughness of audits.
  • Enhanced Audit Readiness Support: Projects receive structured preparation support, including the implementation of best practices and security standards based on the STRIDE threat modeling framework. This ensures project teams are thoroughly prepared, optimizing audit efficiency and minimizing delays.

Get Started Today

If you're already funded through the Stellar Community Fund, meet the criteria and ready to secure your smart contracts, check your email for an invitation to submit an audit request–if you haven’t received one, contact [email protected].

If you haven't built on Stellar yet, we encourage you to start your journey with the Stellar Community Fund to become eligible for future security audits and ecosystem support. For any broader questions on the program, contact [email protected].

Also, we’re organizing an exciting series of workshops–join us for the kick-off on Soroban Security Best Practices on Friday, May 30, 2025 at 2 PM ET on @StellarOrg. Together, we're shaping a secure and resilient future for smart contracts on Stellar.

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If you find value in my content, consider showing your support via:

💳 PayPal: 
1) Simply scan the QR code below 📲
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Or Buy me a coffee: https://buymeacoffee.com/thedinarian

Your generosity keeps this mission alive, for all! Namasté 🙏 The Dinarian

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Santander mulls stablecoin, crypto offering

Bloomberg reported that Banco Santander is mulling introducing euro and dollar stablecoins, or potentially making a third party coin available to clients, citing sources. This move aligns with broader crypto ambitions, as its digital bank, Openbank, has reportedly applied for a European cryptocurrency license under the Mica Regulations and may enable retail access to digital assets.

Systemically important banks embrace stablecoins?

Major banks are now moving from observers to participants in this expanding market. Should Santander confirm plans to launch a stablecoin, it will be the fourth global systemically important bank (G-SIB) to do so. Societe Generale’s FORGE subsidiary launched the EURCV euro coin in 2023. Deutsche Bank is a partner in ALLUnity, another stablecoin initiative with plans to launch this year, subject to regulatory approval. And Standard Chartered is part of a joint venture in Hong Kong that intends to introduce a stablecoin.

Santander’s involvement could extend beyond an individual initiative. The bank is a shareholder in The Clearing House, where the Wall Street Journal reported that US banks are exploring the potential to create a joint stablecoin. If a US initiative took that route it could involve nine more G-SIBs including Bank of America, Barclays, BMO, BNY Mellon, Citi, HSBC, JP Morgan, TD Bank and Wells Fargo.

Apart from these initiatives, our research shows that more than 20 other banks have been involved in stablecoin projects.

Until recently stablecoins were mainly used to settle cryptocurrency transactions and by residents in countries with volatile domestic currencies. During the last year stablecoin infrastructure has been expanding, especially for mainstream cross border payments. Plus, President Trump issued an executive order prioritizing stablecoins. One of the administration’s motivations is this increases demand for US Treasuries, lowering the interest rate the government pays on the Treasury bills.

Santander as an early digital assets mover

Santander’s stablecoin consideration builds on years of blockchain experience. The bank was an early Ripple investor and previously used Ripple’s permissioned network for payments (not XRP), while also embracing permissionless blockchain activities including issuing a digital bond on Ethereum in 2019. This dual approach led to collaborations with other major players – alongside Societe Generale FORGE and Goldman Sachs, Santander participated in the European Investment Bank’s first digital bond, also on Ethereum. Currently, the bank’s most significant digital money initiative involves Fnality, the wholesale blockchain-based settlement network, where Santander ranks among 20 institutional backers and is part of the early adopter group alongside Lloyds Bank and UBS.

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🙏 Donations Accepted 🙏

If you find value in my content, consider showing your support via:

💳 PayPal: 
1) Simply scan the QR code below 📲
2) https://www.paypal.me/thedinarian

🔗 Crypto – Support via Coinbase Wallet to: [email protected]

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Your generosity keeps this mission alive, for all! Namasté 🙏 The Dinarian

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