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đŸ’„Flare TokenomicsđŸ’„
November 05, 2022
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Flare mainnet is approaching the public Token Distribution Event (TDE). This document provides a recap of the token distribution and token economics.

There are two possible versions of the tokenomics, dependent on whether Flare Improvement Proposal 01 (FIP.01) passes:

  1. The original distribution scheme, planned under different market conditions when the purpose of Flare was to provide a smart contract layer for XRP only.
  2. The proposal encapsulated in FIP.01, which factors in new market conditions and the far larger vision of Flare to present developers and users with a simple and coherent stack for decentralized interoperability.

Charts and descriptions are shared for both versions below. To avoid confusion, charts pertaining to the tokenomics after approval of FIP.01 have a green border, and those pertaining to a rejection of FIP.01 have a red border. This document covers each in turn. For more details of the specific differences between the versions, please see the FIP.01 blog article.

Headline Figures

Full details and vesting information are in tables further down, but TL;DR, the most important numbers to know are below. The figures are the same for both potential distribution versions.

Total token distribution on day 1:

  • 100 Billion FLR tokens.

Community FLR allocation:

  • 28.5 Billion FLR distributed direct to community members over 36 months.
  • 20 Billion FLR available for community members who bring value onto the Flare network by using Flare’s cross-chain bridges (FAssets & Layer Cake).
  • 9.8 Billion FLR allocated to the Flare Foundation for community & ecosystem initiatives.
  • TOTAL 58.3 Billion FLR.

Team, advisors & backers:

  • 5.7 Billion FLR to be provided to early stage backers, vesting from month 6.
  • 13.5 Billion FLR allocated to existing and future team members, plus advisors. The team is restricted from selling any FLR in the first 6 months, no more than 10% of their holdings in the first 12 months, and no more than 25% (inclusive of the initial 10%) of their holdings within the first 18 months.
  • TOTAL 19.2 Billion FLR.

Flare entities:

  • 12.5 Billion FLR allocated to Flare Networks Limited, which is responsible for native product development on Flare (e.g. Layer Cake bridges).
  • 10 Billion FLR allocated to the Flare VC Fund, which will invest in promising ecosystem projects.
  • TOTAL 22.5 Billion FLR.

Summary:

Chart: The majority of tokens are destined for community ownership, whether by direct token distribution, network incentives or through Flare Foundation ecosystem initiatives. This will not be affected by whether FIP.01 is approved or rejected.

Flare is the transactional token for Flare Network

  • Network: Flare
  • Token name: Flare
  • Ticker: FLR
  • Genesis supply: 100 Billion
  • Decimals: 18
  • Genesis date: 14 July 2022
  • Anticipated Token Distribution Event (TDE): By 9 January 2023 đŸ€‘

Flare Token Utility

Flare is a Layer-1 blockchain built to connect everything. It presents a technology stack that will enable:

  • Scalable EVM-based smart contracts.
  • Highly decentralized price feeds.
  • Secure state acquisition from other blockchains.
  • Superior bridging for smart contract and non-smart contract assets.
  • Secured data relay.
  • Horizontal scaling through a fully interoperable multi-chain ecosystem.

Flare (FLR) is the network token and will provide support for each of these functions:

  1. Incentivized delegation to the Flare Time Series Oracle (FTSO) to support the provision of reliable decentralized price data.
  2. Collateral within Flare’s bridging applications, FAssets and Layer Cake, by operating as an Agent or Bandwidth Provider, respectively.
  3. Collateral for securing Data Relay.
  4. Collateral within third party decentralized applications built on Flare blockchains (cross-chain or solely native).
  5. Participation within network governance.
  6. Transaction fees in order to prevent spam attacks.

Definitions

* Explanations:

  1. Can delegate: Tokens that can be delegated to the Flare Time Series Oracle to earn standard inflationary rewards.
  2. Can earn: Tokens that can be wrapped in order to to receive a share of the public token distribution in the form of delegation incentives. This is only relevant if the governance proposal FIP.01 is passed by the community.
  3. Can vote: Tokens that can be used to participate in governance by voting on Flare Improvement Proposals.

Token distribution by exchanges

In both potential distribution outcomes, centralized exchanges have an important role to play in providing FLR tokens safely and efficiently to their customers. Flare has been communicating with the exchanges to assist them with their FLR integration and has requested confirmation that they will be ready to distribute FLR as close to the TDE date as possible.

Proposed updated distribution

This will be the token distribution should Flare Improvement Proposal 01 (FIP.01) be successfully passed by community governance. The full details of the changes are available in the FIP.01 blog post. Important highlights are:

  • The 28,524,921,372 FLR public distribution will be split into two parts. The first 15%, which equates to 4,278,738,206 FLR, will be distributed during the Token Distribution Event (TDE) to wallets that held XRP on 12.12.20. The remaining 85% or 24,246,183,166 FLR will then be distributed in 36 monthly amounts directly to token holders who have wrapped their FLR into WFLR. There will be 35 monthly distributions of 2.37% of the total (676,040,637 FLR) and a final distribution of the remaining 2.05% of the total (584,760,871 FLR) in month 36.
  • Annual inflation will be calculated based on circulating supply rather than total supply in order to avoid excess liquidity in the early stages after TDE. Furthermore, instead of inflation running at 10% ongoing, it will be 10% in year 1, 7% in year 2, and then 5% from year 3 onwards.
  • The cross-chain incentive pool payout will be changed to include all cross-chain participants on Flare (i.e. Layer Cake as well as FAssets). The rate of payout will be adjusted from being split equally over 120 monthly payouts to being the lesser of 3% of circulating supply per year or 10% of the remainder of the cross-chain incentive pool. This will provide a better balance of payout as participation grows, while avoiding payouts escalating too high and therefore draining the pool too fast.

Vesting detail for proposed distribution update

Charts visualizing the token distribution should FIP.01 be approved by the community

Chart Y1: After the token distribution event (TDE), airdrop recipients are the largest single group of token holders.
Chart Y2: Although Flare team members can use their initial token distribution to participate fully in the network and support reliable FTSO data provision, they are restricted from selling any of the tokens they receive in the first six months, and no more than 25% within the first 18 months.
Chart Y3: 19.8% of the genesis total distribution is not permitted to vote in governance (Flare Foundation & Flare VC Fund).
Chart Y4: Once the 36-month token distribution is complete, there will be 93.9B FLR liquid and circulating.
Chart Y5: After the initial 15% distribution, the majority of entities receive the remainder of their allocation smoothly over 36 months. The slight bumps are due to the delayed distribution of backer tokens commencing in months 6 and 13.
Chart Y6: Due to the restrictions placed on team token sales described in chart Y2, until month 19 there are fewer liquid tokens than there are tokens able to participate in governance and delegate to the FTSO.
Chart Y7: After 36 months, 85% of FLR will be circulating (93.9B of a total 110.1B FLR).
Chart Y8: From token distribution, Flare always has below 50% vote power, with this percentage decreasing further throughout the distribution period. Flare’s vote power is calculated from the sum of unlocked tokens held by Flare Networks Limited plus the Team and Advisors.

Legacy distribution

The legacy token distribution will be followed if Flare Improvement Proposal 01 is not passed. The full details of the changes are available in the FIP.01 blog post. Important highlights are:

  • The entire 28,524,921,372 FLR public distribution will be carried out by airdrop over 36 months. During the Token Distribution Event (TDE) the first 15%, which equates to 4,278,738,206 FLR, will be provided by airdrop to wallets that held XRP on 12.12.20. There will then be 35 distributions of 2.37% of the total (676,040,637 FLR) and a final distribution of the remaining 2.05% of the total (584,760,871 FLR) in month 36, all to the same wallets that received the initial TDE distribution.
  • Annual inflation will be calculated as 10% of fully diluted supply per annum, resulting in far greater liquidity in the early stages of Flare’s growth than if FIP.01 is passed.
  • The cross-chain incentive pool will be paid out in 120 equal amounts over 120 months, equating to 166,666,667 FLR per month.

Vesting detail for the legacy distribution

Charts visualizing the token distribution should FIP.01 be rejected by the community

Chart N1: At token distribution in month 0, the distribution is the same for both possible versions of the tokenomics. This makes sense as this will happen prior to the FIP.01 governance vote.
Chart N2: Exactly as described in chart Y2, if FIP.01 does not pass, Flare team members are still restricted from selling tokens within the first 18 months.
Chart N3: The only difference between this version and if FIP.01 passes is whether the public distribution happens purely by airdrop or by airdrop plus delegation incentives. The totals are the same.
Chart N4: Due to higher inflation, the legacy approach means after 36 months there are 26.3B more FLR tokens in circulation. This is 28% higher than if FIP.01 is passed.
Chart N5: The far greater level of monthly inflation is visible in this chart. The slight bumps are due to the delayed distribution of backer tokens commencing in months 6 and 13.
Chart N6: Due to the restrictions placed on team token sales described in charts N2 and Y2, until month 19 there are fewer liquid tokens than there are tokens able to participate in governance and delegate to the FTSO.
Chart N7: Note the steeper gradient for inflation and much higher circulating supply throughout. If FIP.01 is rejected, 89% of FLR will be circulating after 36 months (120.2B of a total 134.8B FLR).
Chart N8: Similar to if the governance proposal is passed, Flare vote power starts below 50% and decreases through the distribution period.

Summary of public token distribution options

The total amount of tokens allocated to the public distribution is the same regardless of whether FIP.01 is passed or not: 28,524,921,372 FLR.

The first portion of these tokens (15%) will be distributed prior to the FIP.01 governance vote taking place. Therefore, at the Token Distribution Event, exchanges and self-custody wallets will receive 0.1511 FLR for every 1.0000 XRP held for both YES and NO vote tokenomics.

If FIP.01 passes, there will be no additional airdrops. The remaining public allocation of 24,246,183,166 FLR will be distributed in 36 monthly amounts directly to token holders who have wrapped their FLR into WFLR.

If FIP.01 does not pass, there will be 36 additional monthly distributions to each address that participated in the December 2020 snapshot. The first 35 of these distributions will be in the ratio of 0.0239 FLR for every 1.0000 XRP held at the time of the snapshot. The final distribution will be in the ratio of 0.0206 FLR for every 1.0000 XRP.

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One year ago, the FBI raided Polymarket founder Shayne Coplan’s apartment. Now, the college dropout is a billionaire at age 27.

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Polymarket’s rapid rise has drawn critics. Dennis Kelleher, co-founder and CEO of Washington-based financial advocacy group Better Markets, told Forbes in an email that the current administration’s deregulation around prediction markets has unlocked a regulatory “loophole” to enable “unregulated gambling” under the CFTC, “which has zero expertise, capacity or resources to regulate and police these markets.” Kelleher added that with backing from the Trump family “who are directly trying to profit on this new gambling den
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In the last few months, Trump’s Truth Social and sportsbook FanDuel, as well as cryptocurrency exchanges Crypto.com, Coinbase and Gemini all announced their own plans to offer prediction markets. Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev said prediction markets, which were integrated into its platform in March, were helping drive record activity for the retail brokerage in its third quarter earnings call.

“People are starting to realize right now that the opportunities are endless,” says Dubin, the billionaire hedge fund veteran who invested in Polymarket earlier this year. He points to sports betting companies, which have been regulated by states as gambling activity and taxed accordingly. States like New York can tax up to 51% of sportsbooks’ revenue, but federally-regulated prediction markets can bypass state laws, avoiding taxes and operating in all 50 states. With the realization that prediction markets could upend the sports betting industry—which brought in $13.7 billion in revenue in 2024—businesses are quickly jumping on board despite pushback from state gambling regulators. In October, both Polymarket and Kalshi secured partnerships with sportsbook PrizePicks and the National Hockey League, and Polymarket announced exclusive partnerships with sportsbook DraftKings and the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

The disruption won’t be limited to sports betting. Alongside its investment, Intercontinental’s tens of thousands of institutional clients including large hedge funds and over 750 third-party providers of data will soon have access to Polymarket data, as it gets integrated into Intercontinental’s products such as indices to better inform investment decisions. It also hopes to work with Polymarket to work on initiatives around tokenization—or converting financial assets into digital tokens on blockchain technology—to allow traders on Intercontinental’s exchanges to trade more flexibly at all hours of the day, Sprecher says. What’s more, in November, Google Finance announced it would integrate Polymarket and Kalshi data into its search results, while Yahoo Finance also announced an exclusive partnership with Polymarket.

Despite flashy investors, partnerships and a record $2.4 billion of trading volume in November, Polymarket has yet to launch in the U.S. or turn a profit. Coplan and his investors have hinted at ways the company could make money one day—selling its data, charging fees to users, launching a cryptocurrency token (similar to Ethereum or Bitcoin)—but decline to confirm any specifics. For now, the only thing that’s certain is the bet Coplan is making on himself. “Going for it and having it not pan out is an infinitely better outcome than living your life as a what if,” he says.

Standing across from the New York Stock Exchange building, Coplan tilts his head up as he watches a massive banner with Polymarket’s logo get hoisted onto the exterior of the building. It’s been five years since founding. One year since the FBI raid. He’s taking it all in. “Against all odds,” the bright blue banner reads, rippling in the wind alongside three American flags protruding from the building.

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Epstein-Linked Emails Expose Funding Ties to Bitcoin Core Development — Here Is What the Documents Reveal
  • Newly released emails show Jeffrey Epstein helped fund MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative, which supported Bitcoin Core development.
  • The documents also confirm that Leon Black donated to MIT’s Media Lab through Epstein-directed channels.
  • The revelations reshape part of Bitcoin’s early institutional funding history and highlight long-hidden influence from controversial donors.

Newly unsealed emails from the House Oversight Committee have shed fresh light on Jeffrey Epstein’s hidden financial influence inside MIT’s Media Lab — and more importantly, how some of that money flowed into Bitcoin Core development. The correspondence reveals that Joichi Ito, then-director of the MIT Media Lab, relied on Epstein-connected “gift funds” to rapidly launch the Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) in 2015, the research hub that became one of the primary sources of funding for Bitcoin’s core developers.

Emails Show Epstein-Connected Money Helped Launch MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative

In the newly surfaced emails, Ito directly thanked Epstein for the financial help that allowed MIT to “move quickly and win this round,” referring to the formation of DCI — a program explicitly designed to provide long-term support for Bitcoin Core contributors after the collapse of the Bitcoin Foundation. Ito’s forwarded message to Epstein described how the foundation’s implosion left core developers without stable funding, creating an opening for MIT to bring them under its umbrella.

He explained that three major developers — including Wladimir van der Laan and Cory Fields — agreed to join MIT, calling it “a big win for us.” The email also highlighted early support from prominent academics, including cryptographer Ron Rivest and IMF economist Simon Johnson. Epstein simply replied: “gavin is clever.”

Funding Numbers Reveal a Much Larger Financial Trail

MIT publicly claimed that Epstein donated $850,000 to the institution, with $525,000 flowing to the Media Lab. But journalist Ronan Farrow later reported the true figure was closer to $7.5 million — including a $5 million anonymous donation connected to Epstein associate Leon Black. The new emails appear to confirm that Black not only donated, but did so through Epstein’s direction.

One email from Ito to Epstein reads: “We were able to keep the Leon Black money, but the $25K from your foundation is getting bounced by MIT back to ASU.”

 

Epstein responded: “No problem — trying to get more black for you.”

The documents reveal Epstein’s influence reached deeper into Bitcoin circles than previously acknowledged, even including early conversations with Brock Pierce — another figure with documented ties to both Epstein and controversy surrounding early crypto foundations.

MIT’s Internal Concerns and the Fallout

The emails also expose MIT’s internal unease around anonymous or reputationally risky donations. After the scandal broke, Ito resigned in 2019. MIT later tightened donation policies, warning that “everything becomes public” eventually — a statement that now seems prophetic given this week’s disclosures.

Developers like Wladimir van der Laan say they were unaware of the extent of Epstein’s involvement and noted that DCI’s funding transparency “was not great back in the day.” The Media Lab and DCI declined to comment.

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