The Bank Policy Institute is worried that the BlackRock fund used for the USDC stablecoin reserves may access quasi Federal Reserve deposits
Highlights:Ā
- Bank think tank worries some USDC reserves may be parked at the Federal Reserve
- BlackRock now manages the majority of USDC stablecoin reserves through a money market fund
- Reports claim BlackRock is applying to use Federal Reserve reverse repos (RRPs)
- The cashflows of RRPs are similar to depositing money at the Federal Reserve
TheĀ Bank Policy Institute, a bank-supported think tank, published a blog post raising concerns that a proportion of theĀ USDC stablecoinĀ reserves could be parked at the Federal Reserve, despite theĀ stablecoinĀ issuer not having a central bank account. If this were allowed, in times of uncertainty when thereās a flight to quality, this could result in bank runs diverting cash into the USDC stablecoin, which might be perceived as being as good as a central bank digital currency (CBDC).Ā
SinceĀ November, BlackRockĀ has been managing a large portion of the reserve assets of the USDC stablecoin on behalf of theĀ stablecoin issuer, Circle. BlackRock created a bespoke money market fund, theĀ Circle Reserve Fund, which invests in U.S. short-dated Treasuries. It currently manages around two thirds of the assets of the $44 billion stablecoin, which keeps 80% of its reserves in Treasuries.
A December research note from Barclays highlighted that money market funds can use the Federal Reserve reverse repo (RRP) facility.
This involves the fund buying Treasuries from the Federal Reserve, which are resold to the Fed at a future date at a slightly higher price. The net effect of the cash flows, with the transfer of money to the Fed, is not dissimilar to depositing the USDC reserve cash at the Federal Reserve. The BPI called it a ābackdoor CBDCā.
The BPI claims that BlackRock has applied for the RRP facility. It further asserted that the 20% of USDC reserves currently held at banks could be shifted to the RRP program. Weāve contacted Circle and BlackRock to confirm but didnāt receive a response in time for publication.Ā
The RRP route is potentially better than a synthetic CBDC. The latter involves a CBDC that is backed by a stablecoin issuerās cash held at the central bank. This reduces counterparty risk because thereās no bank risk. However, the account still belongs to a private entity which means there is some risk, whereas the counterparty of the RRP is the Federal Reserve itself.
BlackRock and USDC for capital market transactions
BlackRock invested in CircleĀ in April as part of a $400 million funding round. At the time, the asset manager said it was interested in using USDC for capital market transactions. But stablecoins are not viewed as a risk-free settlement asset. So the RRP would considerably improve USDCās risk profile.
Thereās generally a strong preference for using central bank money for securities transactions. Fnality is backed byĀ 17 global institutionsĀ and is effectively creating a synthetic CBDC designed for capital market transactions. Some bankers not involved in the project see that as aĀ good interim stepĀ but would still prefer to use a CBDC.
Why the Federal Reserve might refuse RRP access
Looking at the applicationĀ process for the RRP, for starters, the Circle Reserve Fund would need to be operating for a year, so it wonāt happen before November 2023.Ā
A major hurdle for the Circle Reserve Fund could be compliance. The RRPĀ application formĀ asks about the proportion of shareholders in high risk sectors from an AML perspective. Given Circle is the sole shareholder and its involvement in the cryptocurrency and DeFi sectors, that would be 100%.
Is the RRP a temporary tool?
The BPI argues that the RRP was intended to be a temporary tool introduced in 2013. Between 2018 and May 2021 it was used occasionally with tiny balances. The current balance is $2.2 trillion. The spread between the interest rates on reserve balances and the overnight RRP rate is just 10 basis points (0.1%) and used to be 25 basis points. The BPI wants the spread to be reverted. āThe Fed should not only deny Circleās money fund access to the ON RRP facility, it should take steps to hasten the winding down of the facility as an attractive nuisance.ā
A perspective beyond banks
Clearly, the BPIās perspective is biased towards banks, although its concerns are not without foundation. If one accepts that stablecoins can provide utility, then there should be a desire to make stablecoins safer and more resilient. The RRP is one potential avenue to protect stablecoin reserves.
However, a key issue with stablecoins is the network effect. In other words, without intervention, there are likely to be only a handful of widely used stablecoins, or even perhaps a monopoly. While monopolies are highly desirable for the company, they are often suboptimal for the ecosystem. And for stablecoins, a monopoly or oligopoly introduces significant financial stability risks.
To encourage competition, the central bank might cap the figure that can be supported via RRP. Start low, say at $5 billion, and increase the cap as stablecoin adoption expands. If stablecoin issuers are forced to publicize the figure, then rational stablecoin users should migrate to stablecoins with a higher proportion of reserves āguaranteedā.
However, to date,Ā cryptoĀ stablecoin users have not behaved rationally, as evidenced by the adoption of market leaderĀ Tether. If the proportion ofĀ mainstreamĀ stablecoin usage increases, perhaps that may change.
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