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What is DeFi (Decentralized Finance)?
July 05, 2023
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(Dinarian Note: This is one part of a series of informationals in the new "Ledger Academy", which I highly recommend everyone visiting as it's loaded with knowledge... and as we know Knowledge is Power... however, USING that knowledge is POWERFUL..)

 

They also have an interactive "QUEST" to learn as you go and earn NFT's as well for completion of tasks.

 

KEY TAKEAWAYS:
— Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is the term used to describe the blockchain-based protocols, products, and platforms that serve as alternatives to traditional financial infrastructure.

— DeFi apps are permissionless, transparent, and accessible to anybody with the right blockchain wallet. There are no regional restrictions, no KYC requirements, and no centralized entities pulling the strings. Some DeFi apps can also generate significant returns for investors.

— The variety of DeFi use cases has grown with time, but lending protocols, automated market makers, DEXs, and staking services are among the most common.

 

If you have been involved in the blockchain or cryptocurrency industry for more than a short stretch, then you have probably stumbled across the terms ‘decentralized finance’, or ‘DeFi’ on more than one occasion. But do you know what they mean?

These are the financial applications built using blockchain technology—and they are starting to shape the future of a decentralized economy. DeFi has exploded in popularity and with a constantly evolving ecosystem of applications, is likely to keep growing and being adopted by more people. So, before you dive into the wonderful world of decentralized finance, let’s explore exactly what it is and what it’s for.

 

What Is Decentralized Finance (DeFi)?

In a nutshell, Decentralized Finance is a term for the financial tools, protocols, and platforms people use to manage their money in a decentralized manner. With these platforms, users don’t have to rely on traditional financial infrastructure—like banks, remittance platforms, and government-issued currencies. 

This brand-new monetary system empowers users by offering an alternative to the old and outdated traditional financial system. However, instead of transactions relying on central entities for processing, DeFi protocols use the blockchain instead. To explain, DeFi apps operate using open and transparent smart contracts.

In short, these are blockchain-hosted computer programs that can complete a variety of different tasks without the need for middlemen. Since they use decentralized blockchains, Decentralized applications (dApps) operate without any centralized governing entity, allowing users to interact with each other in a completely trustless manner. 

 

How Does DeFi Work?

DeFi exists as an ecosystem of applications (dApps) offering different financial services. However, they don’t operate like the financial applications you might know. Since DeFi apps use a decentralized blockchain, they can execute actions without a central entity.

The majority of DeFi applications (at the time of writing) exist on the Ethereum blockchain. This is because Ethereum was the first network to support smart contracts. As such, it still hosts the majority of DeFi platforms today.

However, that doesn’t mean DeFi is ETH-specific. In fact, there are plenty of DeFi platforms on other networks such as Solana and Cardano.

 

Centralized Finance vs. Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

Centralized Finance and Decentralized finance share some similarities and a lot of differences. To understand the impact decentralization makes, let’s first look at how Centralized Finance works.

 

What Is Centralized Finance (CeFi)?

Centralized Finance within the crypto space generally refers to centralized exchanges. Examples of Centralized platforms include Coinbase, Binance, Bitfinex, Gemini, and Kraken. Centralized exchanges have a few key features:

Run by a central entity: A centralized crypto exchange is one that is run by a real-world company. This company oversees and controls the exchange’s operations. Since it is a legal entity, the company will be subject to the laws of its jurisdiction.

Requires KYC : To access the services of a centralized platform, users need to go through a process called Know Your Customer (KYC). This process is part of a global Anti Money Laundering initiative. In short, each new customer must provide details and documents to confirm their identity. Today, nearly all centralized exchanges now require customers to undergo KYC. Unfortunately, this creates an imbalance between users and the institution. To explain, users are required to trust the institution with their sensitive personal data in order to access the service.

Uses Custodial Wallets: Centralized exchanges leave their customers no choice but to keep their funds in the platform’s own custodial wallet. This means that the platform controls the private keys, and therefore the crypto in that account. But without private keys linking you directly to your blockchain address, your crypto is only as safe as the middleman itself. If the platform is hacked, goes bankrupt, or is censored by a legal entity, there will be no way for you to access your coins. This is why the custodial wallet system is inherently flawed.

 

CeFi vs Defi: What’s The Difference

While you can lend, borrow, and trade, just as well as you can with centralized protocols, DefI Protocols also offer a lot more control over your funds. For example:

DeFi doesn’t involve central entities and institutions: DeFi platforms and financial services are not run by any sort of central entity. Instead, they are protocols run on smart contracts. There is no central company or single point of failure, and they are not regulated.

No KYC, Personal Data, or Barriers: Since DeFi platforms are unregulated, users are not required to identify themselves or provide any documentation to access DeFi services.  A crypto wallet – and some crypto – are all that’s required.

Self-Custody is King: DeFi platforms offer full custody when trading. Using these platforms, there is no custodial “platform wallet”. Instead, users will interact with the platform directly from their own, non-custodial crypto wallet. You, the user, remain in control of your crypto at all times. However, with that control also comes the responsibility of securing your private keys.

 

Why Is DeFi Important?

Since the blockchain is permissionless,  DeFi applications can be accessed by anyone—no matter where in the world they reside. Anybody with a cryptocurrency wallet and an internet connection can interact with the world of Decentralized Finance—with no credit checks, KYC, or other barriers to entry. 

This is of particular importance for the 1.7 billion adults worldwide who lack access to a bank account. Through DeFi, these individuals, and everybody else now have access to a wide range of permissionless protocols that provide many of the same features as banks.

 

Uses of DeFi

Despite being a relatively new industry, Decentralized Finance has grown considerably in recent years. As a result, both the number and variety of DeFi applications in existence have also multiplied.  Nowadays, there is a DeFi alternative to practically every major financial service you already use. Some applications for DeFi technology are completely unique and some of them are not. But all are possible thanks to peer-to-peer blockchain technology.

So, what are the biggest use cases for DeFi today?

 

Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs)

A DEX, or decentralized exchange, does exactly what it says on the tin: It lets you exchange your crypto, coins, or tokens. DEXs can execute trades without a centralized entity overseeing the service, meaning you keep custody of your private keys. Furthermore, decentralized exchanges also allow users to trade without waiting for other participants. Instead of using an order book system like a centralized exchange, DEXs set their prices using liquidity pools and Automated Market Makers (AMMs). In short, this tech allows users to trade directly with the system.

Top Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) such as Paraswap, Uniswap, and Curve all use this technology.

 

DeFi Lending & Borrowing Services

DeFi lending protocols like Compound and Aave allow users to lend and borrow crypto in a secure, trustless manner. Borrowers deposit funds as collateral and typically pay a fixed interest rate, while lenders earn a variable return on their assets.

DeFi lending services enable anyone with a crypto wallet to contribute their crypto to a protocol. This allows other users the chance to borrow it, and in exchange, the lender receives interest. However, instead of a central entity organizing this payment, the smart contract can execute the action itself.

 

DeFi Staking Services

DeFi also offers some totally new options not available anywhere else – and staking is a great example. Crypto staking involves “locking up” some of your cryptocurrency as part of the process of securing a blockchain. In exchange, you’ll receive rewards, meaning staking presents DeFi users with a unique option for making passive income. 

With many staking services offering the infrastructure to manage the details of that interaction, such as Kiln and Lido, staking is one of the prominent services in the DeFi ecosystem.

These are just a few of the different DeFi options that exist. With new platforms and services on the rise, we’re sure to see more and more possibilities opening up for crypto users as time goes on.

 

Decentralized Insurance:

Decentralized insurance protocols like Nexus Mutual allow users to protect themselves against a wide range of risks in the DeFi sector, such as hacks, theft, flash crashes, and almost anything else. Anybody can also contribute to insurance pools to earn a return for taking on risk. 

 

Synthetic Asset Issuance:

Synthetic Asset issuance platforms allow users to create a variety of crypto tokens that mimic the price or characteristics of another digital currency, real-world asset, or financial product. Synthetics are essentially crypto derivatives, and they give cryptocurrency users a way to trade and gain exposure to complex financial products through a single token (like ETFs, options, and basket funds). Plus, they also let users participate in markets that might otherwise be difficult to access. 

 

Advantages of DeFi

Arguably the most significant benefit of DeFi applications is their accessibility. Since there is no governing entity at the helm, and there are no regulations or rules to adhere to. DeFi applications are available to anyone—no matter where in the world they reside. Anybody with a cryptocurrency wallet and an internet connection can interact with the world of Decentralized Finance—with no credit checks, KYC, or other barriers to entry. 

This is of particular importance for the 1.7 billion adults worldwide who lack access to a bank account. Through DeFi, these individuals, and everybody else now have access to a wide range of permissionless protocols that provide many of the same features as banks.

But DeFi goes well beyond providing standard financial services to those that need them. It presents an entirely original system based on openness and transparency. Basically, it ensures participants can check exactly what is going on behind the scenes. It achieves this while dispensing with trusted third parties and costly intermediaries—driving access costs down to the bare minimum. 

Moreover, DeFi gives individuals a way to easily turn a profit on their digital assets by contributing to lending pools. These pools provide collateral-backed loans to borrowers and allow other users to exchange coins directly with the system. These are so attractive to users because they provide much better returns than banks offer.

 

Disadvantages of DeFi

DeFi offers regular people unprecedented access to financial services, control of their data, and passive income opportunities. However, just as with any activity, users need to be aware of the risks.

 

The Blockchain Isn’t Regulated

Smart contracts and blockchain have enabled anyone to develop a value-based application and offer it to the public, generating a new wave of exciting options – but this comes with a price.

But with no central entity or traditional infrastructure, DeFi apps are not subject to the same legal scrutiny as traditional consumer services. You have no real guarantee of who you’re interacting with, what’s behind a smart contract, or whether your project is genuine – and if you make a mistake, there’s nobody to help you get your crypto back.

Instead, users rely entirely on their own research. This is why it’s imperative to get to grips with DYOR. For example, just learning to read smart contracts and understand white papers is a great start. Then, navigating sources of information, like Discord, is invaluable when assessing new projects.

 

The Future of DeFi

In the last two years, the total value of tokens locked up in DeFi tools and protocols increased from $203 million to $9.53 billion. This represents a growth of more than 4,500%. But it’s not just everyday users, traditional financial institutions are becoming more interested in DeFi too. In fact, many firms are looking into how they can participate in the Decentralized Finance world too.

However, with DYOR and self-custody at the heart of this industry – and no second chance if you make a mistake – it has never been so important to understand exactly what you’re interacting with.

While many DeFi platforms genuinely act to return financial independence to users and provide access to new, potentially liberating, or profitable opportunities, not all are safe to use, and some are outright scams. With that in mind, it’s important to do your due diligence before investing in or using any DeFi platforms. You should only ever risk what you can afford to lose. 

So keep reading, stay up to date, and keep those private keys secure – Ledger Academy is here to guide you as you navigate this exciting new ecosystem of financial service.

To view more in this series check out Ledgers Academy which covers everything from Web3 to Daos.

 

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Inside The Deal That Made Polymarket’s Founder One Of The Youngest Billionaires On Earth🌍

One year ago, the FBI raided Polymarket founder Shayne Coplan’s apartment. Now, the college dropout is a billionaire at age 27.

In July, Jeffrey Sprecher, the 70-year-old billionaire CEO of Intercontinental Exchange, the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange, sat at Manhatta, an upscale restaurant in the financial district overlooking the sprawling New York City skyline from the 60th floor. As a sommelier weaved through tables pouring wine, in walked Shayne Coplan—in a T-shirt and jeans, clutching a plastic water bottle and a paper bag with a bagel he’d picked up en route. Sprecher chuckles as he recalls his first impression of the boyish, eccentric entrepreneur: “An old bald guy that works at the New York Stock Exchange, where we require that you wear a suit and tie, next to a mop-headed guy in a T-shirt that's 27.” But Sprecher was fascinated by Polymarket, Coplan’s blockchain-based prediction market, and after dinner, he made his move: “I asked Shayne if he would consider selling us his company.”

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At the same time, Coplan announced investments from other billionaires including Figma’s Dylan Field, Zynga’s Mark Pincus, Uber’s Travis Kalanick and hedge fund manager Glenn Dubin. A longtime Red Hot Chili Peppers fan, Coplan even convinced lead singer Anthony Kiedis to invest after a mutual acquaintance brought the musician to Coplan’s apartment one day. “He's buzzing my door, and I’m like, ‘holy shit,'” Coplan recalls, his bright blue eyes widening. “I love their music. A lot of the inspiration [for my work] comes from the music that I listen to.”

Thanks to the deals, Polymarket’s valuation quickly shot to $9 billion, making the 2025 Under 30 alum the world’s youngest self-made billionaire, with an estimated 11% stake worth $1 billion. His reign was short: twenty days later, he was overtaken as the youngest by the three 22-year-old founders of AI startup Mercor.

Young entrepreneurs are minting ten-figure fortunes faster than ever. In addition to the Mercor trio and Coplan, 15 other Under 30 alumni—including ScaleAI cofounder Lucy Guo, Reddit’s Steve Huffman and Cursor’s cofounders—became billionaires this year, while Guo’s cofounder Alexandr Wang and Robinhood’s Vlad Tenev (both former Under 30 honorees) regained their billionaire status after having fallen out of the ranks.

The budding billionaire has long been fascinated by markets and tech. When he was just 14, Coplan emailed the regional Securities and Exchange Commission office to ask how to create new marketplaces. “I did not get a response, but it’s a really funny email,” he says, grinning playfully as he thinks of his younger self. “It just shows that this stuff takes over a decade of percolating in your mind.”

Two years later, Coplan showed up at the offices of internet startup Genius uninvited after multiple emails of his asking for an internship went ignored. At age 16—at least a decade younger than anyone in that office—he secured his first job after making a memorable impression with his “wild curls” and “encyclopedic knowledge of billionaire tech entrepreneurs.” “If he chooses to become a tech entrepreneur, which seems likely, I have no doubt that we’ll be seeing his name again in the press before long,” Chris Glazek, his manager at the time, wrote in Coplan’s college recommendation letter.

Coplan went on to study computer science at NYU, but dropped out in 2017 to work on various crypto projects that never took off. In 2020, he founded Polymarket to create a solution to the “rampant misinformation” he saw in the world: The company’s first market allowed users to bet on when New York City would reopen amid the pandemic. He soon expanded into elections and pop culture happenings, among other events.

But it didn’t take long for the company to butt heads with regulators. In January 2022, Polymarket paid a $1.4 million fine to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission for offering unregistered markets. It was also ordered to block all U.S. users, but activity on Polymarket skyrocketed particularly during the 2024 U.S. presidential election, with bets totaling $3.6 billion. A week after the election, the FBI raided Coplan's apartment and seized his devices as part of an investigation into a possible violation of this agreement. Shortly after, Coplan posted on his X account that he saw the raid as “a last-ditch effort” from the Biden administration “to go after companies they deem to be associated with political opponents.”

In July, the Department of Justice and CFTC dropped the investigations—after which Sprecher reached out to Coplan for dinner—and less than a week later, Polymarket announced it had acquired CFTC-licensed derivatives exchange QCX to prepare for a compliant U.S. launch. QCX applied to be a federally-registered exchange in 2022—an application that was left dormant for three years before receiving approval less than two weeks before the acquisition was announced. When asked about the timing of the deal, Coplan points to CFTC acting chairwoman Caroline Pham, who President Trump tapped to lead the agency in January. “Caroline deserves a lot of credit for getting every single license that had been paused for no reason approved, as acting chairwoman in less than a year,” he says. Coplan had realized an acquisition might be the only way for Polymarket to legally operate in the U.S. as early as 2021 due to the lengthy federal approval process, a source familiar with the deal told Forbes.

Just two months after the acquisition and days after Donald Trump Jr. joined Polymarket’s advisory board, the company received federal approval to launch in the U.S. (Trump Jr. has also served as a strategic advisor to Polymarket’s main competitor Kalshi since January.)

Polymarket’s rapid rise has drawn critics. Dennis Kelleher, co-founder and CEO of Washington-based financial advocacy group Better Markets, told Forbes in an email that the current administration’s deregulation around prediction markets has unlocked a regulatory “loophole” to enable “unregulated gambling” under the CFTC, “which has zero expertise, capacity or resources to regulate and police these markets.” Kelleher added that with backing from the Trump family “who are directly trying to profit on this new gambling den… the massive deregulation and crypto hysteria will almost certainly end badly for the American people.”

Investors and businesses are scrambling to seize the moment of deregulation. “We had opportunities to invest in events markets earlier, but there was a lot of risk,” Sprecher says, listing the regulatory changes in favor of crypto and prediction markets under the current administration. “This was the moment to invest if we wanted to still be early in the space.”

In the last few months, Trump’s Truth Social and sportsbook FanDuel, as well as cryptocurrency exchanges Crypto.com, Coinbase and Gemini all announced their own plans to offer prediction markets. Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev said prediction markets, which were integrated into its platform in March, were helping drive record activity for the retail brokerage in its third quarter earnings call.

“People are starting to realize right now that the opportunities are endless,” says Dubin, the billionaire hedge fund veteran who invested in Polymarket earlier this year. He points to sports betting companies, which have been regulated by states as gambling activity and taxed accordingly. States like New York can tax up to 51% of sportsbooks’ revenue, but federally-regulated prediction markets can bypass state laws, avoiding taxes and operating in all 50 states. With the realization that prediction markets could upend the sports betting industry—which brought in $13.7 billion in revenue in 2024—businesses are quickly jumping on board despite pushback from state gambling regulators. In October, both Polymarket and Kalshi secured partnerships with sportsbook PrizePicks and the National Hockey League, and Polymarket announced exclusive partnerships with sportsbook DraftKings and the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

The disruption won’t be limited to sports betting. Alongside its investment, Intercontinental’s tens of thousands of institutional clients including large hedge funds and over 750 third-party providers of data will soon have access to Polymarket data, as it gets integrated into Intercontinental’s products such as indices to better inform investment decisions. It also hopes to work with Polymarket to work on initiatives around tokenization—or converting financial assets into digital tokens on blockchain technology—to allow traders on Intercontinental’s exchanges to trade more flexibly at all hours of the day, Sprecher says. What’s more, in November, Google Finance announced it would integrate Polymarket and Kalshi data into its search results, while Yahoo Finance also announced an exclusive partnership with Polymarket.

Despite flashy investors, partnerships and a record $2.4 billion of trading volume in November, Polymarket has yet to launch in the U.S. or turn a profit. Coplan and his investors have hinted at ways the company could make money one day—selling its data, charging fees to users, launching a cryptocurrency token (similar to Ethereum or Bitcoin)—but decline to confirm any specifics. For now, the only thing that’s certain is the bet Coplan is making on himself. “Going for it and having it not pan out is an infinitely better outcome than living your life as a what if,” he says.

Standing across from the New York Stock Exchange building, Coplan tilts his head up as he watches a massive banner with Polymarket’s logo get hoisted onto the exterior of the building. It’s been five years since founding. One year since the FBI raid. He’s taking it all in. “Against all odds,” the bright blue banner reads, rippling in the wind alongside three American flags protruding from the building.

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Epstein-Linked Emails Expose Funding Ties to Bitcoin Core Development — Here Is What the Documents Reveal
  • Newly released emails show Jeffrey Epstein helped fund MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative, which supported Bitcoin Core development.
  • The documents also confirm that Leon Black donated to MIT’s Media Lab through Epstein-directed channels.
  • The revelations reshape part of Bitcoin’s early institutional funding history and highlight long-hidden influence from controversial donors.

Newly unsealed emails from the House Oversight Committee have shed fresh light on Jeffrey Epstein’s hidden financial influence inside MIT’s Media Lab — and more importantly, how some of that money flowed into Bitcoin Core development. The correspondence reveals that Joichi Ito, then-director of the MIT Media Lab, relied on Epstein-connected “gift funds” to rapidly launch the Digital Currency Initiative (DCI) in 2015, the research hub that became one of the primary sources of funding for Bitcoin’s core developers.

Emails Show Epstein-Connected Money Helped Launch MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative

In the newly surfaced emails, Ito directly thanked Epstein for the financial help that allowed MIT to “move quickly and win this round,” referring to the formation of DCI — a program explicitly designed to provide long-term support for Bitcoin Core contributors after the collapse of the Bitcoin Foundation. Ito’s forwarded message to Epstein described how the foundation’s implosion left core developers without stable funding, creating an opening for MIT to bring them under its umbrella.

He explained that three major developers — including Wladimir van der Laan and Cory Fields — agreed to join MIT, calling it “a big win for us.” The email also highlighted early support from prominent academics, including cryptographer Ron Rivest and IMF economist Simon Johnson. Epstein simply replied: “gavin is clever.”

Funding Numbers Reveal a Much Larger Financial Trail

MIT publicly claimed that Epstein donated $850,000 to the institution, with $525,000 flowing to the Media Lab. But journalist Ronan Farrow later reported the true figure was closer to $7.5 million — including a $5 million anonymous donation connected to Epstein associate Leon Black. The new emails appear to confirm that Black not only donated, but did so through Epstein’s direction.

One email from Ito to Epstein reads: “We were able to keep the Leon Black money, but the $25K from your foundation is getting bounced by MIT back to ASU.”

 

Epstein responded: “No problem — trying to get more black for you.”

The documents reveal Epstein’s influence reached deeper into Bitcoin circles than previously acknowledged, even including early conversations with Brock Pierce — another figure with documented ties to both Epstein and controversy surrounding early crypto foundations.

MIT’s Internal Concerns and the Fallout

The emails also expose MIT’s internal unease around anonymous or reputationally risky donations. After the scandal broke, Ito resigned in 2019. MIT later tightened donation policies, warning that “everything becomes public” eventually — a statement that now seems prophetic given this week’s disclosures.

Developers like Wladimir van der Laan say they were unaware of the extent of Epstein’s involvement and noted that DCI’s funding transparency “was not great back in the day.” The Media Lab and DCI declined to comment.

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