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Understanding Ledger’s Secure Screen and Why It’s Important
August 30, 2024
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KEY TAKEAWAYS:
— The screen of the device you use for crypto transactions is a potential attack vector.

Screens rely on the security of the computer chip that controls them, and not all chips or devices are built with security in mind.

—Ledger devices use a secure screen that connects directly to the Secure Element chip, meaning that what you see is what you sign.

Blockchain transactions, once processed, are immutable and irreversible. If you want to sign a transaction, you want to know the outcome before you steam ahead. If you make a mistake, your funds could be gone forever. While some lost funds can be attributed to copying down addresses carelessly or inputting incorrect information, they are often the result of hacking.

A common attack vector is the screen of your device. Without a secure screen, a malicious transaction wouldn’t look nefarious at all. That’s because screens we use for everyday work, study, and entertainment aren’t designed for security, they are built for performance. And when it comes to protecting and managing digital assets, these devices fall short.

Simply, you can’t trust the screen on your laptop or smartphone. But how can we mitigate this risk? 

The answer lies in a secure screen that guarantees the legitimacy of the information it shows. That’s exactly why Ledger devices have a secure screen driven directly by the Secure Element chip. It’s designed with security in mind, ensuring that what you see is what you sign

But what is a secure screen and why is it so important? Let’s dive in.

The Screen of Your Laptop or Smartphone Can’t Be Trusted

Behind every screen is a chip. That chip is responsible for the information the screen shows. For your laptop or smartphone to work, the screen must be able to access information from the chip. The type of chip it uses and how it communicates with the screen is integral to the security of any device. 

The problem arises with trusting the details of a transaction on a device connected to the internet. When you use a crypto wallet on your laptop or smartphone, you rely solely on the security of that device. Since they typically connect to the internet they are vulnerable to online threats.

Once exploited, hackers can change details on the screen of an infected device—even remotely. For example, if you were trying to initiate a crypto transaction on your laptop, a hacker could change transaction details on its screen, such as the recipient address or the total number of assets you want to send. Essentially, you can’t sign any transaction on an internet-connected device without risking your assets. 

This is exactly why hardware wallets exist: they keep your private keys stored in a chip isolated from the internet-connected device and any potential malware it hosts. By storing your private keys in a chip in a separate device that doesn’t connect to the internet, they are immune to online threats.

Some Hardware Wallet Screens Are More Secure Than Others

At this point, you might think that using any hardware wallet is enough. After all, the chip that controls the screen is completely separate from the internet-connected device initiating the transaction. That must be safe, right? 

Unfortunately, it’s not as simple as it seems. Any screen is a potential attack vector, and not all hardware wallets have the same level of security. It’s not just about keeping the chip containing private keys separate from internet connectivity, you also have to ensure that all of the device’s components are protected from physical hacks. 

Typically, hardware wallets use MCU chips to control their screens, and this is where the issue lies. It’s reasonably easy and inexpensive for a hacker to replace the firmware of an MCU chip. If a hacker gains access to the MCU that controls your hardware wallet’s screen, they wouldn’t need to gain access to your private keys. Simply with access to your screen, a hacker can tamper with the details of a transaction to trick you into signing away your assets.

To mitigate this risk, some hardware wallet providers have opted to remove the feature of a screen entirely. But without a screen, how can you know a transaction is legitimate? The answer is, you can’t. 

Luckily, the Ledger security model offers a different and more practical answer: a secure screen. But how does this work exactly? 

Understanding Ledger’s Secure Screen

The security of a Ledger device’s secure screen starts with its internal components. Ledger devices store private keys on a Secure Element chip, an industry-leading computer chip often used in bank cards and passports since it can withstand common attack vectors like side-channel attacks and glitching. 

Today, several hardware wallet providers use a Secure Element to generate and store private keys, but they typically drive their screens with MCU chips, which are vulnerable to physical hacking. Ledger devices are unique for using the Secure Element to drive their secure screens. Since the Secure Element chip drives the secure screen directly, no hacker can intercept this information or tamper with the transaction details it shows. 

The screen benefits from the Secure Element’s ability to withstand attacks, meaning “what you see is what you sign”. If the details on the screen of your Ledger device match what you see in Ledger Live, you can sign with confidence. This allows you to double-check the accuracy of your internet-connected device too. If the details on your Ledger device don’t match those on your internet-connected device, your laptop or smartphone is likely infected with malware. 

Finally, driving a screen with the Secure  Element also introduces the ability to carry out cryptographic attestations; allowing you to verify your Ledger device is running the genuine BOLOS operating system. These are just a few ways a secure screen makes interacting with the blockchain more secure and intuitive. 

What Does The Secure Screen Protect Me From

So now you know why having a secure screen is important, but what about the work it’s doing? Let’s dive into some of the most common attacks the screen of your device may face and how Ledger’s secure screen approaches them.

Address Poisoning

Ledger’s secure screen protects you from address poisoning. To explain, address poisoning is when an attacker sends you a small amount of crypto to appear in your transaction history. The transaction is designed to look like you initiated it, for example, the attacker will use an address with only a few characters different from your own. The scammer simply hopes you mistakenly copy their address from your transaction history, confusing their address for one you are familiar with.

This incredibly common scam catches out even the most experienced crypto users. However, with Ledger’s secure screen, you don’t have to worry about address poisoning: you can see the full details of a transaction, including the entire wallet address directly on your Ledger device. 

Address Switcher Malware

Another way scammers may attack your screen is through address switcher malware. With this scam, the attacker takes control of your computer or smartphone’s clipboard. With access to your clipboard, a hacker can use your own transactions against you.

For example, say you were trying to send funds to a friend, when initiating the transaction, the scammer copies their address onto your clipboard. When you sign the transaction, the funds end up in the hacker’s account instead of your friend’s. They can also replicate this attack when you plan to receive funds from a friend. The attacker replaces your address with their own, and when you share the address with your friend, the funds end up in the hacker’s account.

Ledger’s secure screen is controlled by a Secure Element chip, completely separate from your internet-connected device. Your Ledger device’s secure screen will always show the correct transaction details, even if your internet-connected device is compromised

Clickjacking Malware

Finally, hackers will attempt to trick you into revealing potentially sensitive information or unknowingly consent to malicious actions via clickjacking. This attack uses your clicks against you, modifying your device’s screen to convince you to hand over your login credentials, download more malware, or sign malicious transactions or smart contract approvals. 

 In these cases, a bad actor may take control of your screen to convince you to sign away your assets. All they need to do is make the approval look legitimate, i.e. from a familiar app you use, and your assets are theirs. 

Ledger’s secure screen cannot be targeted with clickjacking malware, as the Secure Element is tamper-proof and drives the secure screen directly.

All you need to do to protect yourself is double-check that the receiving address on your Ledger device’s secure screen matches the one on your internet-connected device before signing any transaction. Your Ledger device will handle the rest!

A Secure Screen: Just One Piece of Ledger’s Security Model

In conclusion, it’s clear that a secure screen is one of the most important aspects of managing crypto transactions. Without a secure screen, you don’t know what you’re signing. Remember, using a screen with vulnerabilities to send transactions could end in losing your funds. In the very worst-case scenario, you could lose everything by sending your assets to a spoofed address. 

No matter how big or small your portfolio is, understanding the results of signing a transaction is paramount. But a secure screen is just one piece of Ledger’s security model. So don’t stop here! Check out the full article on Ledger’s Security model to learn more about the different aspects of the Ledger ecosystem keeping you, your assets, and your devices safe.

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There will be a LOT of spam, scam, uncertainty and crime surrounding the Midnight airdrop (@midnightfdn).

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@XamanWallet users to participate in the airdrop.

We will communicate about this in-app, through an xApp to prevent confusion and scammers taking advantage of the uncertainty on social media.

When users can take action to participate, we will inform our users though in-app communication.

Trust NO SOCIAL MEDIA.
Trust NO WEBSITE.
Trust NO DM-MESSAGES.
Trust NO (potentially fake) XRPL Labs / Xaman staff on social.

Trust only our in app support xApp, and the in app Midnight Airdrop information we will communicate once more information is made available by the Midnight/Glacier/... team.

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4 Fintech Companies 💸& Things To Know About 🤔

The fintech revolution is reshaping the way we manage, invest, and move money, breaking down traditional barriers and empowering individuals worldwide. As financial technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, a select group of innovative companies are leading the charge by offering groundbreaking solutions that redefine banking, payments, and digital assets. Whether you’re a savvy investor, an industry professional, or simply curious about the future of finance, discovering these trailblazing fintech companies is essential to understanding today’s dynamic financial landscape.

 

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4. NeoTax - Automated Tax R&D Credits

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👉 AWS and GCP log files and data are a goldmine. Last week, I covered Bilanc, which uses log files to figure out per-account unit economics. Now, we calculate R&D tax credits. The unlock here is LLM's ability to understand unstructured data. The hard part is understanding the moat, but time will tell.

In an era where technology and finance are increasingly intertwined, these four fintech companies stand out as catalysts for positive change. By driving progress in digital payments, asset management, lending, and decentralized finance, they are not only making financial services more accessible and efficient—they are also paving the way for a more inclusive and empowered global economy. Staying informed about their innovations can help you seize new opportunities and take part in the future of finance.

 

👀Things to know 👀

 

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What is XAH and Xahau?

If you're new to XRP, you may have noticed some of us discussing another network named 'Xahau'.

It's Like XRP ... But Different

The Xahau network was created in 2023, and its starting point was the open-source code for the XRP Ledger. A small team of researchers and entrepreneurs decided to add smart contracts to the network code.


The XRP Ledger has no smart contract capabilities, by default.

To integrate smart contracts, the team decided to use an architecture that includes 'WASM' or 'web assembly' code. Each account can have up to 10 'hooks' installed that are triggered for transactions that match specific criteria. They can run before or after a transaction is processed. This enables a variety of use cases that do not involve the need to change the network's core code.

Hooks

A 'hook' is what is known as a smart contract that can be triggered in relation to a specific account and its transactions.

The term arises from the programming world, where it generally means "code that runs based on triggering conditions." In Xahau's case, it indicates code that is run before, or after, a transaction is processed.
 
Each hook must be installed on a specific account by the party that controls the account - i.e., the secret key holder.
 
What Can XAH Do That XRP Cannot?
 
The primary benefit from the use of hooks, is that the core network code does not need to be changed every time a new use case is identified. This means that additional use cases can be addressed immediately, with no requirement for intervening steps, such as:
  • Community review
  • Community approval
  • Amendment voting
All of those steps are eliminated with the use of hooks; new use cases can be addressed as fast as the code can be developed.
 
To read more about how hooks enables Xahau to handle more use cases than even the XRPL, you can read this article:
 
Key Differences From XRP
 
Other unique differences from the XRP Ledger include:
  • Much smaller supply ~612 million coins vs. 100 billion coins
  • XAH hodlers are rewarded at 4% of their account balance. There are no rewards for XRP.
  • Governance participants are incentivized
  • Payment channels available for user-created tokens (IOUs)
  • URI tokens instead of NFT tokens
Who's Who of Xahau?
 
The list of those that are either founders, or closely associated with the founding organizations, is extensive. Here are the names of three organizations mentioned in the whitepaper, or their current moniker:
  • Xaman (a.k.a. XRPL Labs)
  • Gatehub
  • InFTF (Inclusive Financial Technology Foundation)
There exists a long list of impressive developers, architects, and technologists among the Xahau inner circle. But the three names that people associate most prominently with the leadership of the Xahau network are Wietse Wind, Richard Holland, and Denis Angell. The links to their 'X' accounts are:
 
Friend Or Foe?
 
This topic is one of the most contentious.
 
While Ripple, the company with the largest stake of XRP, showed interest in hooks early on, they ultimately decided to advocate for a different approach; the use of an EVM-based solution (Ethereum Virtual Machine) to handle smart contracts on the XRP Ledger. This decision was met with consternation by the Xaman team that had worked with them for several years to advocate for the use of hooks.
 
You can read more about the 'business politics' part of this topic here:
 
So how do Xahau fans view the relationship between XRP and XAH?
 
The Xahau team - and many of its community members - advocate for the use of a 'dual-chain' solution to implement smart contracts. This can be accomplished by the use of 'listener' software, along with native Xahau hooks.
 
A proof of concept, developed by Denis Angell, has demonstrated that bi-lateral communication can work with a simple approach.
 
From an economic standpoint, every chain that has its own digital asset is a competitor; but the simple way to think about Xahau, is that a 'bunch of XRP geeks' decided to implement smart contracts on their own version of the XRP Ledger.
 
The team emphasized transparency along the way, and initially received support from the primary XRP stakeholder, Ripple. They published Xahau as open-source code that could, in theory, be back-engineered and integrated with the XRP Ledger. You can clearly observe the team's idealistic mindset in early marketing mistakes, where they named their digital asset 'XRP Plus' in an effort to emphasize the way that they viewed their creation. While this resulted in confusion - and even suspicion - in its early days, the team quickly pivoted, and named their digital asset 'XAH', which became its ticker symbol.
 
Synergy effects between the two camps speak to a genuine camaraderie, with many Xahau developers being open and willing to help with changes to the core XRP Ledger protocol. You can find many examples of this open dialogue on the 'X' platform.
 
How To Purchase XAH
 
If you wish to speculate by buying XAH directly, it is available in a variety of convenient locations, depending on where you are located. If you're in a country that is supported by Bitrue, you can directly purchase or trade XAH by using that exchange.
 
On January 20th, 2025, Bitmart announced that it supports trading of XAH for customers in their list of supported countries; And in late March, another major exchange announced that they would be supporting XAH trading pairs: Coinex.
 
If you're located in the United States, you can purchase XAH directly from a vendor known as 'C14'. The xApp for C14 is located in the Xaman wallet.
 
XRP Ledger geeks can also purchase XAH IOUs on the XRPL Dex and then convert them to 'real' XAH using a Gatehub bridge. This is available in countries that Gatehub supports.
 
Which XAH Accounts Should I Follow?
 
On the 'X' platform, there exists two major community groups for XAH fans:
In addition to the Xahau notables I've already mentioned in this article, my advice is to take a look at who is posting in the above two communities. There are many impressive leaders and entrepreneurs included. You should be able to find multiple 'X' accounts that reflect your interests.
 
Xahau Development Roadmap
 
Xahau leaders have published a roadmap for 2025 that lists their various goals for the ecosystem:
 
To read a detailed explanation for each item, refer to this: Xahau Roadmap Super Thread
 
One of the most incredible waypoints listed is 'JavaScript Hooks Implementation.' 🤯
JavaScript!
 
With the 'JavaScript Hooks Implementation', Xahau is making history; it will enable anybody that knows JavaScript to easily create and install a smart contract. While networks like Ethereum are impressive early movers, they require developers to learn a new language and syntax.
 
Xahau will soon open 'crypto smart contracts' to a group of developers that number in the tens of millions.
 
Project L-10K
 
Project L-10K is one of the most important items in the pipeline. L-10K refers to the effort to boost the throughput of Xahau consensus to over 10,000 transactions per ledger! This will benefit hosted projects such as Evernode, and future issued assets. Heading up the effort is Richard Holland, who provided a progress update to the community in late May of 2025:
 
To learn more about this ambitious effort, you can watch his full presentation here:
The Future Of Defi And Payments
 
Once you've seen the extensive list of use cases that XAH easily handles, it's truly inspiring. Xahau is everything that you love about XRP, plus a long list of more things to love. ❤️
 
Be an early adopter of XAH and the Xahau network! Join the community groups listed and follow the accounts that seem to reflect your own interest - speculator, developer, or crypto fan. You have a place in our community, no matter what your background or interests are. Welcome to the future of crypto Defi and Payments
 
Sources:
 
 
NOTE: Payment channels for IOUs is currently in amendment status for the XRP Ledger, authored by Denis Angel here:
 
 

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💳 PayPal: 

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