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December ‘24 Protocol Highlight: Stellar
December 07, 2024
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$XLM is up over 5x in the last month. TVL is up 3x, and core fundamentals are up on Stellar.
 
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                                                   XLM vs TVL Chart Built Using Artemis

 

What is happening on Stellar, and what are real use cases?

How does activity look on Soroban, Stellar's smart contract platform launched in 2024?

Today, we highlight the Stellar as our protocol highlight.
We chat with Raja Chakravorti, Chief Business Officer at the Stellar Development Foundation, on his journey into crypto, real use cases on Stellar. We also do a deep dive on Stellar and Soroban metrics thanks to @ElBarto_Crypto and @0xUltraviolence.
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Without further ado! Please welcome @rajachak75 the CBO at SDF.

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Raja! What is your story?
How did you get into crypto, and how did you end up working at SDF?
I’ve been in the fintech, payments, and insurance industries for two decades now. Prior to joining SDF, I led product partnerships and business development for Universal Access at Plaid, a leading financial data network company, built and scaled Root Enterprise with a focus on B2B solutions, and drove revenue growth and partnerships for PayPal’s North America business. I’m thrilled to now have the opportunity to leverage all that experience to lead and scale financial services and technology businesses to support the growth of the Stellar ecosystem.
What is the mission behind SDF? What attracted you to the mission?
Throughout my career, I’ve been driven by the goal of creating broad and equitable financial access through technology. SDF’s mission to create more equitable access to the global financial system by supporting the Stellarblockchain directly aligns with my goals to drive greater access through innovative technology. As the child of parents who immigrated from India, I saw firsthand the challenges they faced, from accessing affordable credit to sending money home. These experiences have fueled my passion to make financial services more inclusive and accessible.
How do real-world users use Stellar?
Can you share stories of people who have benefited from the Stellar network?
There are so many examples of real world users leveraging Stellar-based solutions to access financial services in ways they’ve never been able to before, from freelancers getting paid all over the world, to refugees receiving cash aid in Ukraine, to defi lending protocols that are helping power microfinance programs in new ways. One of the stories we highlighted most recently comes out of San Francisco, Colombia. ​​The Decaf app, built on Stellar, has transformed life for a community providing a safe, blockchain-based payment solution. This real-world application addressed a critical issue faced by entrepreneur Zac Borrowdale, who was shot while carrying cash to pay his workers. Utilizing Decaf and MoneyGram's on/off-ramps on the Stellar network, workers can now receive payments safely and cash out locally, eliminating dangerous cash transports. This solution has particularly empowered women in the workforce, contributing to the town's revitalization. I highly recommend taking 11 minutes out of your day to
watch the video: 
 
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What is the biggest misconception about  Stellar? What is crypto Twitter missing about Stellar?
Real world utility is something that SDF is very focused on. SDF’s goal is to create a more equitable global financial system that works for everyone, no matter where they live or what level of traditional financial services they may have access to. We believe that the best solutions to the problems people have are likely to come from within those communities. The Decaf use case in Colombia is a great example. The traditional financial system in Colombia created some real problems for Zac and his workers. Decaf is designed to solve those problems with communities like San Francisco, Colombia in mind. Product-market fit is so important for web3 technology and I think sometimes things get celebrated on crypto twitter that are not solutions for a problem that people have. If the goal is to grow adoption of blockchain technology, that technology needs to be solving problems for real people. At the Stellar Development Foundation, we are extremely outcome-oriented and we are looking for pragmatic solutions to difficult problems. We have a mission and are focused on that.
What are some interesting applications built on the Stellar smart contracts platform?
Why is the payment to DeFi integration so important with Blend?
Integrating new defi protocols like Blend with the payment infrastructure built over the last 10 years on the network is the Stellar ecosystem's superpower. Wallets and applications already serving users in global markets with global on and off-ramps can now plug into DeFi protocols and offer new opportunities like staking, lending, and borrowing while still being able to cash in and out without needing a bank account. This is what we mean when we give people access to "everyday financial services." To date, we’ve seen longtime Stellar project, ClickPesa, integrate with Blend to offer a new net offering, The ClickPesa Debt Fund, a platform for global investors to generate financial returns while supporting microloans for small and medium businesses in Tanzania. Meru, the one of the first wallets to directly integrate with Blend on Stellar, is seeing an exciting response to the now available new offerings. Giving the global majority access to savings, lending, borrowing, and more in a single application will change the game. It's never been easier to onboard users into DeFi.
What is the partnership with Moneygram like and why is that important?
We celebrated 2 years of MoneyGram Access, the first-of-its-kind cash-to-crypto solution, this year. It has been monumentally important in expanding what builders can do on Stellar, and who they can reach. When we launched this with MoneyGram, the goal was to solve the last mile problem that no other network had solved, and to expand the utility and use of digital assets by creating a seamless bridge between cash and crypto that allowed a new wave of users to access the digital economy (no bank account required). One of the most exciting things to me about rolling out a solution like this globally, is seeing how people use it in the real world. We started with 2 wallet integrations, and now 30 wallets have either integrated or are in the pipeline. Since launch, we’ve seen an average transaction size of about $480 dollars. The top cash in country is the US (also the top country for sending remittances), while the top cash out countries are Ukraine, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina (which are either developing/emerging economies or in Ukraine’s case, going through a rebuilding process). What we’re observing tracks with SDF’s thesis from the outset, which was that this solution is providing new utility for things like remittances, in small but meaningful amounts, in key markets. It also became the foundation for transformational solutions like Stellar Aid Assist and the Stellar Disbursement Platform. Now, with the Stellar smart contracts platform Soroban and cash-to-DeFi capabilities, we’ve entered a new phase of seeing what builders and users will do with this utility.
How does Stellar use or hope to use Artemis?
The Stellar integration with Artemis is about making blockchain data more accessible and meaningful. It's exciting for three key reasons: First, it gives us a clearer window into all the incredible activity happening on the Stellar network. Think of it as turning on the lights – suddenly we can better showcase the innovative projects and real-world solutions being built on Stellar. Second, it's a game-changer for analysis. Whether you're a researcher studying blockchain trends or a developer evaluating different platforms, Artemis makes it easier to understand how Stellar fits into the bigger picture of blockchain adoption and usage. Finally, and this is particularly cool, it democratizes access to Stellar data. By presenting the network data in Artemis's user-friendly "ez" table format, we're making it simpler for anyone in the Stellar ecosystem to conduct their own analysis and create reports. If you're already familiar with Artemis, you'll find it intuitive to start exploring Stellar data right away. Artemis isn't just about metrics – it's about transparency, understanding, and empowering the community with better tools to tell the Stellar story.

‍Key metrics: Stellar KPI Deep Dive vs Blockchains

👋 @ElBarto_Cryptohere, data scientist at Artemis. Today we do a deep dive on Stellar metrics versus other blockchains.Originally launched in 2016, Stellar has seen steady growth in the number of monthly operations. While activity on the chain dipped during the most recent bear market, it increased from 250mn monthly operations to 300mn monthly operations in November 2024.
 
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                                              Monthly Operations on Stellar Net using Artemis
 
A key advantage of Stellar is its low cost per transaction, making it ideal to perform payments on the network. Stellar consistently has one of the lowest average transaction costs across networks that Artemis tracks, and is similar to recently launched blockchains.
 
 
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                                          Stellar fees vs other chains via Artemis
 
Soroban is Stellar's smart contract platform that was announced in 2022 and launched on mainnet in 2024. To encourage users to build on it, the Stellar Development Foundation launched the $100M Soroban adoption fund to support developers building on the platform. Weekly transactions on the platform have spiked in November 2024, to around 10 - 14k per week.
 
 
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                                      Weekly Sorobon Transaction Count via Artemis
 
Stellar is a top blockchain for securitizing US Treasuries. Franklin Templeton first chose Stellar to tokenize one of its US treasury funds and it has grown to have over $400mn in assets under management. The fund ranks among the top 3 in assets under management and has steady growth throughout 2024.
 
 
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                                                      US Treasuries Gragh vi Artemis
 
Stablecoins, remittances, and payments are other key focus areas for Stellar. Through the “anchor” system which allows the blockchain to interact with traditional finance rails, over 40 million payments have been facilitated. Payment volume through the >100 anchors has increased since inception in 2021, averaging over 40,000 payments per day in 2024. Circle, the issuer of USDC and an early anchor has processed over $15B in payments volume.
 
 
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Revolut Leak Shows the Cost of Constant ID Collection
Revolut’s mistake is the news, but the bigger problem is the growing number of companies being encouraged or required to keep copies of our most sensitive identity documents.

Online bank Revolut has revealed that it gave out sensitive personal and financial information of an undisclosed number of its customers in response to a fake government request.

The information that was handed over to an “unauthorized third party” reportedly includes names, dates of birth, occupations, addresses, phone numbers, account numbers, transaction histories (including Bitcoin), and even copies of government-issued IDs and onboarding verification selfies.

Revolut claims that derived biometric face data was not.

The company said that the data was handed over in response to an email that came from a real government agency’s domain, but was not actually sent or authorized by that agency.

The email passed several authentication checks (SPF, DKIM, and DMARC) that are designed to establish the authenticity of a message’s origin and integrity, but do not verify the legitimacy of the legal request itself.

Revolut said that it complied with the request “under the reasonable belief that it was an authentic government agency request” – and only later found out that it was not.

Revolut said it later realized its mistake, blocked the email address, and reported the incident to the relevant authorities.

Revolut said that only a “limited” number of its customers were affected by the data leak, and that the company’s systems were not hacked, nor was any money stolen.

The story broke on September 11 when Revolut customers started receiving an email notice about a data leak, and the news was picked up by media outlets the following day.

Revolut notice explaining customer identity and financial data was shared after an unauthorized government email request.

The reason this is a recurring problem is that companies are keeping highly sensitive information about their customers’ identities, and sometimes even financial transactions, for a long time, and this data is then available to be disclosed to third parties – either in response to valid legal requests, or, as in the case of Revolut, fake ones.

One reason for this is know your customer (KYC) and anti-money laundering (AML) rules. Revolut’s current UK customer privacy notice spells it out: the company generally keeps personal data of UK customers for no more than seven years after the relationship ends, and sometimes longer – for legal reasons.

This means that even if you close your account, your identity documents don’t disappear.

And while the incident with Revolut happened in the financial sector, it’s by no means the only one that requires customers to hand over sensitive identity information. Discord, a popular chat service, said in an October 9, 2025 security update that government ID photos of approximately 70,000 users may have been exposed after a third-party customer service provider got hacked.

This was not a financial service, nor the same type of attack. But the result was similar – because the underlying business process was the same: requiring and storing sensitive identity documents. In the case of Discord, these were used to review age-related appeals.

It’s hard to do anything about a copy of your old passport, or a photo of your face, or a record of your past transactions. These can be used to identify and profile you, and can be used to carry out targeted fraud. And this can happen even if the initial disclosure didn’t result in financial loss.

The more companies are forced to collect and store such information, and the more of it they have, the more opportunities there are for this data to be leaked, either by the company itself or a third party it works with. That's what makes governments' push for more ID checks just to access ordinary parts of life so reckless.

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This Is The Income A Family Needs To Live Comfortably In Every US State

Here’s the short version of what it takes for a family of four to live comfortably in 2026 by state:

In Massachusetts, you’d need nearly $330,000 a year - the highest figure in the entire country. Only three states clear the $300,000 mark: Massachusetts, Hawaii, and California. At the other end of the spectrum, Mississippi is the most affordable at about $188,000. That’s a full $142,000 less than what you’d need in Massachusetts.

So… how much does a family of four need in your state?

This map shows the pre-tax income a household with two working adults and two kids needs to live comfortably in every U.S. state.

The numbers come from SmartAsset (as of February 2026). They’re based on the familiar 50/30/20 budget: 50% for necessities, 30% for discretionary spending, and 20% for savings or other goals. These aren’t bare-minimum survival numbers—they’re what it takes to live pretty well while still putting money aside.

And as Visual Capitalist notesMassachusetts sits at the very top of that list. Massachusetts tops the ranking, with a family of four needing $329,555 per year to meet the 50/30/20 benchmark.

Hawaii follows at $313,165, while California ranks third at $302,682.

Rank State Income needed for family of four (2026)

  • 1 - Massachusetts - $329,555
  • 2 - Hawaii - $313,165
  • 3 - California - $302,682
  • 4 - Connecticut - $298,189
  • 5 - New Jersey - $295,110
  • 6 - New York - $291,533
  • 7 - Colorado - $283,213
  • 8 - Washington - $281,798
  • 9 - Oregon - $280,966
  • 10 - Vermont - $280,384
  • 11 - Alaska - $272,064
  • 12 - New Hampshire - $267,904
  • 13 - Rhode Island - $264,659
  • 14 - Minnesota - $263,078
  • 15 - Maryland - $257,837
  • 16 - Maine - $250,931
  • 17 - Montana - $249,434
  • 18 - Pennsylvania - $247,936
  • 19 - Illinois - $244,109
  • 20 - Virginia - $242,944
  • 21 - Nevada - $242,278
  • 22 - Indiana - $241,696
  • 23 - Wisconsin - $238,451
  • 24 - Arizona - $236,870
  • 25 - Utah - $235,789
  • 26 - Delaware - $228,134
  • 27 - Ohio - $226,221
  • 28 - Idaho - $226,054
  • 29 - Florida - $223,392
  • 30 - New Mexico - $223,142
  • 31 - Nebraska - $223,059
  • 32 - Missouri - $217,734
  • 33 - Georgia - $214,573
  • 34 - Michigan - $214,323
  • 35 - South Carolina - $212,909
  • 36 - North Carolina - $212,410
  • 37 - Wyoming - $212,410
  • 38 - Oklahoma - $211,910
  • 39 - North Dakota - $210,496
  • 40 - Kansas - $207,917
  • 41 - Iowa - $204,422
  • 42 - Texas - $203,424
  • 43 - West Virginia - $202,592
  • 44 - South Dakota - $201,760
  • 45 - Alabama - $198,931
  • 46 - Louisiana - $197,933
  • 47 - Tennessee - $197,267
  • 48 - Arkansas - $195,437
  • 49 - Kentucky - $194,854
  • 50 - Mississippi - $187,533

Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York aren't far behind, bringing the number of states with comfortable-income thresholds above $290,000 to six.

Colorado and Vermont Make the Top 10

As expected, many of the highest income thresholds are concentrated in the Northeast and along the West Coast.

However, Colorado has the seventh-highest threshold in the country at $283,213, ranking above Washington and Oregon.

Vermont rounds out the top 10 at $280,384, despite having the second-smallest population of any U.S. state. Meanwhile, nearby states like New Hampshire, Maine, and Rhode Island all fall outside the top 10.

Just Six States Come in Below $200,000

Despite the wide range in living costs across the country, only six states have a comfortable-income threshold below $200,000 for a family of four.

Mississippi ranks lowest at $187,533, followed by Kentucky. The states of Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Alabama also fall below the $200,000 mark.

The gap between Massachusetts and Mississippi exceeds $142,000 per year, meaning the Massachusetts benchmark is about 76% higher.

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🤖Can Decentralized AI Stop Big Tech from Owning the Future of Robotics?🤖
The race to build the future of robotics is no longer just about robots. It's about who controls the intelligence behind them.
 
Over the last three years, a small group of companies has emerged as the backbone of the AI revolution. Microsoft provides cloud infrastructure. NVIDIA supplies the chips. Google, OpenAI, Anthropic, Meta, and others develop the models. Together, they control much of the compute, data, and software stack powering modern AI.
 
Now that AI is moving into the physical world, many are asking a bigger question:
 
Will these same companies end up controlling robotics too?
 
It's a valid concern.
 
The latest generation of robots relies on enormous amounts of compute, simulation, training data, and foundation models. Many robotics startups today are built on infrastructure provided by large technology companies. NVIDIA's Omniverse is becoming a key simulation environment for robot training. Microsoft Azure is powering the training of robotics foundation models. Physical AI startups increasingly depend on hyperscale cloud infrastructure to train and deploy intelligent systems. Recent partnerships across the industry show just how central Big Tech has become to robotics development.
But while Big Tech is building the highways, another movement is trying to ensure it doesn't own every destination.
 
That movement is decentralized AI.
 
Why Decentralized AI Exists
 
The idea behind decentralized AI is simple. Instead of a handful of companies owning the models, compute infrastructure, data pipelines, and intelligence networks, these resources are distributed across thousands of participants.
 
This means anyone can contribute compute, contribute models, validate outputs and can participate.
The most visible example today is the decentralized AI network known as Bittensor (@bittensor). The network has evolved into a large ecosystem of specialized AI markets called subnets, where participants compete to provide useful machine intelligence and are rewarded based on performance. Rather than relying on a single company, intelligence is generated and validated by a distributed network of miners and validators.
 
Think of it as an attempt to build an open marketplace for AI instead of a world where intelligence is rented from a few centralized providers.
 
Why This Matters for Robotics
 
Robotics has a unique problem. Unlike chatbots, robots operate in the physical world. They need to perceive environments, make decisions, move safely and they need to learn continuously.
 
The challenge is that collecting and training on real-world robotic data is incredibly expensive. That's one reason large companies have such an advantage. They can afford the compute, simulation environments, and data infrastructure needed to train robotics models at scale.
 
This is where decentralized systems become interesting.
 
Instead of one company collecting all the data and training all the models, decentralized networks could allow thousands of contributors to participate in building robotic intelligence.
 
Imagine a future where:
  • Warehouse robots contribute operational data.
  • Delivery robots contribute navigation data.
  • Factory robots contribute manipulation data.
  • Developers contribute models.
  • Validators evaluate performance.
The resulting intelligence becomes a shared network rather than a proprietary asset.
 
That vision is beginning to emerge.
 
Bittensor's Move Toward Physical AI
 
While many people associate Bittensor (@bittensor) with language models and AI services, parts of the ecosystem are increasingly exploring embodied intelligence and robotics.
 
One example is Kinitro, a subnet focused on incentivizing the training and evaluation of embodied AI systems. The goal is to create competitive environments where developers build robotic intelligence and are rewarded based on performance.
 
The broader Bittensor ecosystem has also expanded into compute marketplaces, distributed inference systems, bandwidth infrastructure, and AI coordination layers that could eventually support robotics workloads. Several subnets now focus on decentralized compute, confidential inference, data transfer, and model training, critical components for future robotic systems.
 
In other words, the pieces are starting to appear.
 
Not a decentralized robot network yet.
 
But the infrastructure that could support one.
 
Beyond Bittensor: The Rise of Physical AI Networks
 
Bittensor isn't alone.
 
Across the industry, researchers and builders are experimenting with decentralized approaches to physical AI.
 
New research published in 2026 introduced the concept of DAO-enabled decentralized physical AI, or DePAI. The idea combines robotics, decentralized infrastructure, AI models, governance systems, and human oversight into a single framework. Instead of centralized control, robots and physical infrastructure could be coordinated through transparent rules and distributed ownership models.
 
At the same time, developers are exploring decentralized operating systems for robots that allow machines to communicate directly with each other and with distributed compute resources. These architectures are designed to make robotic systems more resilient and less dependent on a single cloud provider.
 
The goal is not simply decentralization for its own sake.
 
The goal is resilience.
 
If one server fails, the system continues.
 
If one company disappears, the network survives.
 
If one participant leaves, innovation continues.
 
But Here's the Reality
 
Decentralized AI faces the same challenge every decentralized technology faces.
 
Big Tech has resources. A lot of resources.
 
Training advanced robotics models requires enormous compute budgets, sophisticated simulation environments, access to specialized hardware, and vast amounts of real-world data.
 
That's why many robotics startups still partner with major cloud providers and AI companies. It's often the fastest path to deployment.
 
And there are legitimate concerns about whether decentralized networks can maintain quality, reliability, and security at the scale required for industrial robotics. Even researchers studying decentralized AI systems have highlighted risks around concentration, incentives, governance, and network security.
 
The challenge isn't just decentralizing intelligence.
 
It's decentralizing intelligence while maintaining performance.
 
That's much harder.
 
The Most Likely Outcome
 
The future probably won't be fully centralized. And it probably won't be fully decentralized either. Instead, we're likely heading toward a hybrid model.
 
Large technology companies will continue providing chips, cloud infrastructure, simulation platforms, and foundational research.
 
At the same time, decentralized AI networks will emerge as alternative coordination layers where intelligence, data, and economic value can be shared more openly.
 
The companies building robots may use NVIDIA hardware.
 
Train on Azure.
 
Run foundation models from OpenAI.
 
But they may also participate in decentralized data networks, decentralized compute markets, and decentralized intelligence protocols.
 
The future of robotics could end up looking less like a monopoly and more like an ecosystem.
 
The Bigger Question
 
The real question isn't whether decentralized AI can eliminate Big Tech.
 
It can't.
 
At least not anytime soon.
 
The real question is whether decentralized AI can prevent a future where a handful of companies control every robot, every model, every dataset, and every decision made by the machines operating around us.
 
As robots become workers, assistants, delivery drivers, factory operators, and even economic agents, that question becomes increasingly important.
 
Because the battle for the future of robotics is no longer about hardware.
 
It's about who owns the intelligence.
 
And that battle is just getting started.
 
 

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