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From niche to norm: Euroclear, EIB, HSBC explore tokenization progress, hurdles
January 30, 2025
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Yesterday the Banque de France held an event on the move to T+1 settlement in Europe. Much of the discussion covered tokenization, DLT and the need for a wholesale CBDC. The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the most prolific issuer of digital bonds. Its activities aim to move the innovation needle, so it doesn’t hesitate to outline the issues to be addressed to gain traction.

The EIB finds friction as a digital bond investor

The EIB has issued six digital bonds so far using five different DLT platforms. Last November, during the ECB wholesale DLT settlement trials, the EIB also attempted to become a digital bond investor. EIB Director General of Finance, Cyril Rousseau, said they found it a painful task, and instructive about what needs to happen for tokenization to achieve scale. The process took so long that they only invested in the Slovenian sovereign digital bond four days before it was redeemed. It had a four month term.

As an investor he found a few issues. The digital bonds were not as ‘desirable’ as other securities because they lack features such as secondary market liquidity and the ability to use them for repurchase agreements (repo). Additionally, he sees legal and technology risks. His biggest gripe is that he did not want to have to go through the same process for each digital bond platform.

“Why isn’t it (tokenization) upscaling right now? It’s because we are delivering an asset which is less reliable than the other ones. So I think we need to work on interoperability,” said Mr Rousseau.

 

He also noted, “We are convinced that we need to have a clear roadmap on where is the Eurosystem is going in terms of CBDC.”

HSBC, Euroclear already address digital bond frictions

In response to the interoperability comments, Euroclear’s Isabelle Delorme noted that a few DLT platforms, including Euroclear’s D-FMI, HSBC’s Orion and SIX’s SDX have adopted a hybrid model by integrating with legacy systems, allowing investors to engage with digital bonds without needing to use the technology directly. This addresses technical integration issues, and the lack of secondary markets and liquidity in the near term.

HSBC’s Orion has hosted two of the EIB digital bonds. John O’Neill from HSBC highlighted that the legacy integration can also support repo usage. We’re aware of digital bonds being used for repo in Hong Kong and Switzerland, with the central banks playing an important role. Beyond repo, he also emphasized the broader potential for tokenization and collateral mobility. We’d add the examples of Eurex and JP Morgan exploring the use of tokenized collateral for margin.

“We’re in danger of thinking none of these things exist anywhere in the world and they might come in a few years time. They exist, and they exist today,” said Mr O’Neill.

In terms of investor appetite for digital bonds, he noted the $750 million Hong Kong digital bond issuance last year had demand for over a billion dollars. It was hosted on the HSBC Orion platform, which was integrated with the local CSD. Likewise, Euroclear’s Delorme said its $300m issuance by AIIB was expanded with an additional $200 million tap, with demand from four continents.

“It was a demonstration that the appetite, at least be front runners, was there,” said Ms Delorme.

She also highlighted many of the benefits of tokenization, including the usage of DLT removing the need for reconciliations by having a golden source, which saves considerable costs.

Tokenization, fragmentation and unified ledgers

Nonetheless, she acknowledged that the fragmentation exists. To address these issues, the panel touched on the concept of a unified ledger and the cross over with an EU capital markets union.

Outside of DLT, she argued that some institutions are more experienced in providing backbone style services, whereas others tend to focus on applications.

“Many of us will offer business applications … use cases on digital assets, and some of us will participate in a backbone. This is life as it is, and the DNA of each of us today,” she said.

 

“I believe that Euroclear here is ready to contribute, participate, and co-create this kind of a backbone that would help different ledgers, different tokenized assets to be done, traded and shared and settled.”

One could infer a message that CSDs should be running the backbone and banks the applications on top of it. Clearstream, DTCC and Euroclear have published joint frameworks on tokenization.

While that logic is sound, we’ve previously highlighted tensions with this path. For example, DLT reduces the need for a CSD, with laws in Germany and Luxembourg replacing the issuance requirements for a CSD with a registrar or control agent. However, European legislation still requires a CSD for secondary markets.

Hence, CSDs have turf to protect. Another member of the panel was the DTCC’s Ann Shuman. She agreed with the benefits of tokenization, but also highlighted that many business problems, such as T0 settlement can be achieved with existing technology. The DTCC also had their fingers burned with a project (Trade Information Warehouse) in which they put extensive resources into a DLT solution only to find the market wasn’t ready. So regarding tokenization she said, “we believe in that future, we’re just not certain of the timeline.”

Pros and cons of atomic settlement

Given the event was about the move to T+1 the topic of T+0 and DLT for atomic settlement was discussed. There was some conflation between instant and atomic settlement. Atomic settlement involves the simultaneous exchange of cash and securities, delivery versus payment. However, that can be instant – at the time of the trade – or potentially at a future time or date.

Nobody on the panel is seeing demand for instant settlement today.

Multiple panelists raised potential financial stability risks if there were a move to instant settlement, given the demands it places on liquidity. The DTCC’s Ann Shuman noted the massive benefits of netting. On average $2.2 trillion in daily trades in the U.S. are reduced to a settlement figure of around $43 billion.

We’d note that using those same figures, a researcher found that almost all the netting benefits could be achieved over a one hour netting period rather than a day or two days.

Several panelists including from the EIB, Euroclear and HSBC highlighted the need for a wholesale CBDC.

“We haven’t seen issuers electing to issue same day (settlement) on blockchain-based platforms like HSBC Orion at the moment,” said HSBC’s John O’Neill. “And I think that comes back to actually just the challenges of moving money.”

 

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🚀Comprehensive Overview of Reggie Middleton's Patents
Pioneering Innovations in Decentralized Finance and Blockchain Technology

Key Takeaways

  • Innovative DeFi Solutions: Reggie Middleton has developed groundbreaking technologies that facilitate trustless and low-trust value transfers, revolutionizing decentralized finance.
  • Robust Patent Portfolio: His patents cover a wide range of applications, including blockchain infrastructure, peer-to-peer transactions, digital asset security, and regulatory compliance.
  • Legal and Market Impact: Middleton's patents have significant legal standing, demonstrated by successful defenses against challenges and high-profile lawsuits, positioning him as a key player in the FinTech industry.

Introduction

Reggie Middleton is a distinguished innovator in the fintech and blockchain sectors, recognized for his extensive portfolio of patents that address critical challenges in decentralized finance (DeFi) and trustless value transfers. His work has been instrumental in advancing blockchain technology, enhancing security, scalability, and accessibility within decentralized ecosystems.

Overview of Reggie Middleton's Patent Portfolio

Trustless Value Transfer Systems

Middleton's patents in this category focus on enabling secure transactions between parties with minimal or no trust. Utilizing advanced cryptographic protocols and blockchain technology, these systems eliminate the need for intermediaries, thereby reducing costs and increasing transaction efficiency.

Mechanisms and Applications

His innovations include systems for decentralized exchanges, peer-to-peer lending platforms, and digital marketplaces. An exemplary application is the facilitation of currency exposure hedging, allowing users to swap risks (e.g., AUD/USD) via Bitcoin without prior trust between parties.

Blockchain Infrastructure Enhancements

Middleton has developed solutions that address scalability, interoperability, and consensus mechanisms within blockchain systems. These enhancements are crucial for handling high transaction volumes and ensuring seamless interaction between different blockchain networks.

Key Innovations

His patents introduce scalable blockchain infrastructures capable of supporting enterprise-level applications and multi-chain platforms. By improving consensus algorithms, Middleton's work ensures faster and more secure transaction validation processes.

Peer-to-Peer Transactions

The patents in this domain enable direct asset exchanges, such as cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), through smart contracts and decentralized networks. These innovations are foundational for modern DeFi platforms and decentralized governance systems.

Practical Implementations

Middleton's technologies facilitate seamless peer-to-peer transactions, enhancing user autonomy and reducing dependency on centralized institutions. This is particularly evident in decentralized exchanges and governance frameworks where direct asset management is paramount.

Digital Asset Security

Ensuring the security of digital assets is a cornerstone of Middleton's patent portfolio. His solutions include advanced storage systems and multi-signature wallets designed to protect against cyber threats and unauthorized access.

Security Solutions

Implementing cold storage systems and multi-signature protocols, Middleton's patents provide robust defenses against potential security breaches, safeguarding cryptocurrencies and other digital assets from malicious attacks.

Regulatory Compliance and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)

Middleton's patents also address the growing need for regulatory compliance within digital financial systems. His frameworks for issuing and managing CBDCs align with existing regulatory standards, facilitating the integration of government-backed digital currencies into the broader financial ecosystem.

Compliance Frameworks

These technologies ensure that digital currency systems adhere to legal requirements, enabling smoother adoption and acceptance by both financial institutions and regulatory bodies.

Legal and Market Impact

 

Patent Enforcement and Legal Challenges

Reggie Middleton has actively defended his intellectual property, most notably filing a $350 million lawsuit against Coinbase Inc. for alleged patent infringement. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) has upheld the validity of his patents, denying Coinbase's Inter Partes Review (IPR) petition, thereby reinforcing the strength and enforceability of his patent claims.

Market Position and Influence

Middleton's patents are considered some of the most powerful in the FinTech industry, covering essential technologies that underpin DeFi and blockchain operations. With approximately 90% of blockchain patent applications typically rejected by the USPTO, Middleton's successful patents distinguish him as a leading innovator in the space.


Future Directions

Integration of AI in Decentralized Systems

While current patents focus on human-driven transactions, the foundational technologies developed by Middleton provide a robust framework for future integration of artificial intelligence (AI). Potential applications include automated trading systems, intelligent asset management, and enhanced decision-making processes within DeFi platforms.

Expansion into Global Markets

With patents protected in multiple jurisdictions, including the U.S. and Japan, Middleton is well-positioned to expand his technological solutions globally. This expansion will likely involve adapting his systems to comply with diverse regulatory environments and addressing region-specific financial challenges.


Detailed Patent Analysis

Technological Innovations

Middleton's patents encompass a range of technological advancements designed to enhance the functionality and security of decentralized financial systems. These include but are not limited to:

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Scalability and Interoperability

Addressing scalability, Middleton's patents introduce solutions that enable blockchain networks to handle increased transaction volumes without compromising performance. Additionally, his work on interoperability protocols facilitates seamless communication and transaction processing across different blockchain platforms, fostering a more integrated and efficient decentralized ecosystem.

Regulatory Alignment

In response to the evolving regulatory landscape, Middleton has developed frameworks that ensure digital financial systems comply with existing laws and standards. This alignment is crucial for the widespread adoption of decentralized finance solutions and the issuance of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).

Conclusion

Reggie Middleton stands out as a pivotal figure in the FinTech and blockchain industries, with a patent portfolio that not only addresses current technological challenges but also lays the groundwork for future advancements in decentralized finance. His innovations in trustless value transfers, blockchain scalability, and digital asset security have significant implications for the financial ecosystem, reinforcing the importance of robust intellectual property in driving technological progress. Through sustained legal defense and strategic market positioning, Middleton continues to influence the direction and adoption of decentralized financial systems globally.

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⚖ SEC: many crypto staking services aren’t securities ⚖

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) yesterday clarified that most staking services don’t involve securities, resolving a major uncertainty that has hung over the crypto industry. The guidance provides regulatory clarity for major platforms like Coinbase, Kraken, and Lido, which collectively handle billions in staked assets.

The ruling removes a regulatory cloud that has limited institutional adoption of staking services. Without this clarity, staking service providers faced potential enforcement action and costly compliance requirements designed for traditional securities.

Blockchain staking typically involves locking tokens to secure the network and earning a reward in return. The least contentious option would be someone who operates a node themselves, keeping custody of their assets and staking directly.

However, there’s been a major question mark hanging over staking-as-a-service, in which a third party performs the staking on behalf of the token owner. This is hugely popular because on Ethereum the minimum staked amount is 32 ETH (over $80,000 at current prices) and doing it yourself requires appropriate hardware and technical knowledge.

How the SEC reached its decision

For assets that aren’t obviously securities, the Howey legal test is used to establish whether there’s an “investment contract.” A key test is whether the return is dependent on the entrepreneurial efforts of someone other than the investor.

Applying this test to staking services, the SEC concluded that the staking service provider is simply providing an “administrative or ministerial activity” rather than an entrepreneurial one and doesn’t set the rate of return earned by the investor, although they deduct fees.

The SEC takes the same view whether the investor retains custody of their tokens or the service provider additionally provides custody. If a custodian is involved, the note only covers the situation where the investor chooses how much to stake.

However, the devil is in the details. For example, the opinion does not cover liquid staking (where the token holder receives another token while the main tokens are locked), re-staking or liquid re-staking.

One commissioner strongly disagrees

This interpretation faces significant pushback from Democrat Commissioner Caroline Crenshaw, who noted that these are simply staff opinions and don’t affect the law. She went as far as saying that in authoring the note, the Division of Corporate Finance was channeling the adage “fake it ’till you make it.”

In her view, the note inadequately justified the legal interpretation and she believes the conclusions conflict with the law. However, she acknowledged that certain bare bones staking programs may not involve an investment contract.

Since the change in administration, the SEC has published several staff notes related to digital assets, the first of which clarified that solo and pooled mining for proof of work blockchains will generally not be considered to involve securities.

While this is staff guidance rather than formal regulation, it signals the SEC’s likely enforcement approach under the new administration. It marks a significant shift in how crypto staking will be regulated, though the strong dissent suggests this interpretation could face challenges if the political landscape changes again.

The newly proposed digital asset legislation, the CLARITY Act, doesn’t explicitly cover staking. However, it includes explicit regulatory relief regarding blockchain-linked tokens, making such guidance less vulnerable to future political shifts by providing statutory protections for digital commodities that meet specific criteria.

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XRPL Unleashes Batch Power—What’s Hidden in the 2.5.0 Rollout?
XRPL prepares for its 2.5.0 upgrade, introducing batch transactions and advanced features to challenge Ethereum and Solana.

Highlights:

  • XRPL is preparing to release version 2.5.0 in June with several major feature upgrades.
  • The new XLS-56 feature allows users to group up to eight transactions in a single batch.
  • Batch transactions support atomic swaps and enable smart transaction dependency logic.
  • XRPL is also testing features like Account Permission Delegation and Dynamic NFTs.
  • Smart Escrows is currently being evaluated on the WASM Devnet for future release.

The XRP Ledger (XRPL) has confirmed integrating a major XLS-56 feature in preparation for the upcoming 2.5.0 upgrade. This release, scheduled for June, introduces batch transactions and supports future scalability. As XRPL aims to enhance performance, it moves to compete directly with Ethereum and Solana.

XLS-56 Brings Batch Transactions and Atomic Swaps to XRPL

XRP Ledger now includes the XLS-56 amendment, which enables users to group up to eight transactions in a single batch. This batch feature supports atomic swaps and smart transaction dependencies across the XRPL ecosystem. Consequently, it streamlines transaction processes and optimizes blockchain functionality.

Integrating batch transactions will support XRPL-based monetization and peer-to-peer NFT trading on a broader scale. With more efficient bundling, developers can execute advanced logic while keeping operational costs low. The upgrade demonstrates XRPL’s strategy to reduce complexity and promote seamless operations.

RippleX Senior Software Engineer Mayukha Vadari confirmed this integration through an announcement on X. She emphasized the technical breakthrough in batch processing in XRPL 2.5.0. After testing, the feature will be live once the amendment receives full validator approval.

Testing Begins for Next-Gen Blockchain Tools

Alongside batch processing, XRPL is testing additional features for phased deployment across the network. These include Account Permission Delegation, Multipurpose Tokens, Credentials, Permissioned Domains, and Dynamic NFTs. Each feature is being refined through XRP Ledger’s Devnet and Testnet environments.

The Devnet includes completed amendments that are still pending release, while the Testnet mirrors the mainnet for simulation. These networks allow developers to review feature behavior before final mainnet integration. This structured process ensures that XRPL can maintain reliability while deploying innovations.

Smart Escrows is another addition currently undergoing testing on the WASM-based Devnet. The tool aims to enhance asset handling with programmable conditions on XRPL. Once validated, this feature will expand XRPL’s smart contract capabilities.

XRPL Faces Competition from Ethereum and Solana in Upgrade Race

The XRP Ledger upgrade emerges when Ethereum prepares for its Pectra release and Solana advances with Alpenglow. Each platform is racing to improve network performance, though XRP Ledger focuses on reducing costs and enhancing functionality. Meanwhile, Ethereum and Solana prioritize scalability and speed.

XRPL’s approach includes integrating AI-powered tools like XRPTurbo to strengthen DeFi automation and utility. These enhancements position XRPL as a versatile ledger for financial and decentralized services. The upgrade aligns with long-term goals of supporting advanced applications and high-throughput demands.

XRPL continues to refine its core infrastructure with performance, modularity, and stability as key priorities. With XLS-56 now integrated, the ledger can support more complex transaction workflows. XRPL’s roadmap reflects a clear commitment to expanding use cases across its decentralized environment.

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